Fluidic optical devices

ABSTRACT

A fluidic optical device, systems utilizing fluidic optical devices, methods for manufacturing fluidic optical devices and actuators are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application60/680,632 to Robert G. Batchko et al entitled “FLUIDIC OPTICALDEVICES”, filed May 14, 2005, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application60/683,072 to Robert G. Batchko et al entitled “FLUIDIC OPTICALDEVICES”, filed May 21, 2005, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application60/703,827 to Robert G. Batchko et al entitled “FLUIDIC OPTICALDEVICES”, filed Jul. 29, 2005, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application60/723,381 to Robert G. Batchko et al., filed Oct. 3, 2005, the entiredisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application60/747,181 to Robert G. Batchko et al entitled “Electrostatic Actuationof Fluidic Lens”, filed May 12, 2006, the entire disclosures of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of this invention are directed to variable optical devicesand more particularly to fluidic optical devices and methods for makingsuch optical devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The prior art contains a number of references to fluidic lens systems. Anotable example is provided by those based on the electro-wetting effect(see, e.g. Bruno Berge, et al., “Lens with variable focus”, PCTPublication No. WO 99/18456). In that system, a lens-like volume of onerefractive liquid is separated from its surroundings on at least oneside by another immiscible refractive liquid. Although this yields aconveniently compact system, it is difficult to provide enoughrefractive index difference between the two liquids to provide adequatelight-ray bending ability. A refractively superior system has also beendemonstrated (see J. Chen et al., J. Micromech. Microeng. 14 (2004)675-680) wherein only one lenticular body is provided, bounded on atleast one side by an optically clear, compliant membrane. In thatsystem, the refractive power of the lens is controlled by pumping in orout a controlled amount of fluid, thereby changing the curvature of thebounding membrane. Although improved, that system still suffers from thedisadvantage that the pressurized fluid source is located remotely. Thismakes the form-factor of the whole system inconvenient.

Thus, there is a need in the art, for a fluidic lens that overcomes theabove disadvantages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood byconsidering the following detailed description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a plan view schematic diagram of a fluidic lens according toan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional elevation taken along line B-B of FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 2A-2C are a sequence of cross-section schematic diagramsillustrating assembly and actuation of a fluidic of the type shown inFIGS. 1A-1B.

FIGS. 2D-2L are three-dimensional schematic diagrams illustratingexamples of fluidic lenses that uses shape memory alloy members foractuation.

FIG. 3A is a top plan view schematic of an alternative skeleton for afluidic lens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a side elevation schematic of the skeleton of FIG. 3A

FIG. 3C is a side elevation schematic of a fluidic lens that utilizesthe skeleton of FIGS. 3A-3B according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 4A-4C are a sequence of cross-sectional schematic diagramsillustrating actuation of a fluidic lens of the type shown in FIG. 3C.

FIGS. 5A-5D are a sequence of schematic diagrams illustratingfabrication of a fluidic lens according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 6A-6B are a sequence of cross-sectional schematic diagramsillustrating fabrication of a fluidic lens according to an alternativeembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating operation ofthe fluidic lens of FIGS. 6A-6B.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an electrostaticallyactuated fluidic lens according to an alterative embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIGS. 8A-8F are a sequence of cross-sectional schematic diagramsillustrating fabrication of an electrostatically actuated fluidic lensof the type depicted in FIG. 7.

FIGS. 9A-9C are a sequence of cross-sectional schematic diagramsillustrating operation of an electrostatically actuated fluidic lens ofthe type depicted in FIG. 7.

FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a partially assembledperipherally actuated fluidic lens according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 10B is a three-dimensional view of a portion of the fluidic lens ofFIG. 10A.

FIG. 10C is an exploded view of the fluidic lens of FIG. 10B.

FIG. 10D is a top plan view of a peripheral actuator for use with thefluidic lens of FIGS. 10A-10C.

FIG. 10E is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ of FIG. 10D.

FIG. 10F is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the fluidic lens ofFIGS. 10A-10C illustrating actuation with the peripheral actuator ofFIGS. 10D-10E.

FIG. 10G is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an alternative framefor a fluidic lens.

FIGS. 10H-10I are three-dimensional views of the alternative frame ofFIG. 10G.

FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a fluidic lens havinga helical spring actuator according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of an axially actuated fluidic lensaccording to an embodiment of the present invention

FIG. 11C is an exploded three-dimensional view of the fluidic lens ofFIG. 11B.

FIG. 11D is a cutaway three-dimensional view of the fluidic lens of FIG.11B and FIG. 11C.

FIGS. 12A-12H are schematic diagrams illustrating fluidic lensesemploying constriction actuators according to embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 13A-13B are schematic diagrams of fluidic lenses that utilizeconstricting ring actuators according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 14A-14B are three-dimensional schematic diagrams illustratingfluidic lenses employing axial constriction actuators according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating a fluidiclens that utilizes edge constriction actuation according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 16A-16B are schematic diagrams illustrating a fluidic lens thatutilizes microfluidic pump actuation according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of an optical device according to analternative embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 18A-18D are a series of three-dimensional schematic diagramsillustrating fabrication of an array of fluidic lenses according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 19A-19E are photographs of a fluidic lens according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a three-dimensional diagram of a fluidic lens of the typedepicted in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 21 is an exploded three-dimensional schematic diagram of an axiallyactuated fluidic lens according to an embodiment of the presentinvention similar to that shown in FIG. 11B.

FIG. 22 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a fluidic deviceused with an image sensor element according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 23A illustrates an example of a camera phone employing a fluidiclens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23B illustrates an example of a mobile e-mail device employing afluidic lens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is an alternative three-dimensional view of the fluidic lensdepicted in FIG. 2F.

FIG. 25 is a three-dimensional view of a fluidic micro lens assemblysimilar to that depicted in FIGS. 10A-10F.

FIGS. 26A-26E are three-dimensional views of alternative fluidic microlens assemblies according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of a dual throwfluidic lens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 28 is a three-dimensional exploded schematic diagram of abi-directional single surface fluidic lens according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 29A-29C is a sequence of schematic diagrams illustrating operationof an alternative dual through fluidic lens according to an embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 30A is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a bi-focal fluidiclens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 30B is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a tri-focal fluidiclens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 31 is a three-dimensional view of a rectangular liquid lens elementaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 32 is a three dimensional schematic diagram of an anamorphic aspectratio lens according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram of a compound lens having a combinationof static and fluidic lens elements according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 34 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram of a still camera lensincorporating fluidic optical devices according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 35 is a schematic diagram of a microscope incorporating fluidicoptical devices according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 36 is a schematic diagram of an electron microscope incorporatingfluidic optical devices according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 37 is a schematic diagram of a deformable mirror optical systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 38 is a schematic diagram of a telescope using the deformablemirror optical system of FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram of a satellite imaging system using thedeformable mirror optical system of FIG. 37.

FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of an X-ray optical system that usesfluidic optical elements according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 41 illustrates application of fluidic optical devices to sensorsystems in un-manned or remotely operated aircraft according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 42 illustrates application of fluidic optical devices to “heads-up”displays according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 43A-43B are schematic diagrams illustrating application of fluidicoptical devices to stereo lithography according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram illustrating application of fluidicoptical devices to solar power systems according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 45 is a schematic diagram illustrating application of fluidicoptical devices to vision aids such as eyeglasses or sunglassesaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 46 is a flow diagram showing fluidic lens control logic accordingto an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 47 is a block diagram illustrating a telephoto or zoom system usingfluidic lenses according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of a multiplanar display system employingfluidic optical devices according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 49 is a schematic diagram of a robotic vehicle employing fluidicoptical devices according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 50 is a schematic diagram of a self guided ordinance unit employingfluidic optical devices according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 51 depicts web cameras and video phones employing fluidic opticaldevices according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 52 depicts a magnification device employing fluidic opticalelements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 53 depicts an eyepiece employing fluidic optical elements accordingto an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 54 depicts a bi-directional fluidic lens according to an embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 55 depicts a projector employing fluidic optical elements accordingto an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 56 depicts a projection television employing fluidic opticalelements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 57 depicts a plasma display employing fluidic optical elementsaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 58 depicts a dichromatic optical device employing fluidic opticalelements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 59 depicts surveying equipment employing fluidic optical elementsaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 60 depicts a portion of an optical network employing fluidicoptical elements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 61 depicts a radar system employing fluidic optical elementsaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 62 depicts a currency authentication system employing fluidicoptical elements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 63 depicts a video surveillance system employing fluidic opticalelements according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 64 depicts an example of an orthoscopic medical device employingfluidic optical elements according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 65A-65B depict an example of a fluidic lens having dissimilar lenssurfaces according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 66A-66B are cross-sectional views of a fluidic lens having avariable elasticity membrane according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 66C is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating doping tomake a variable elasticity membrane according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 66D is a schematic diagram illustrating the use of spatiallyvarying ultraviolet to make a variable elasticity membrane according toan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 66E is a schematic diagram illustrating deposition of a stiffermaterial to make a variable elasticity membrane according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 66F is a schematic diagram illustrating incorporation of a secondmaterial into a membrane to make a variable elasticity membraneaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 66G-66H are schematic cross-sectional diagrams illustrating afluidic optical device having a constrained, variable elasticitymembrane.

FIGS. 66I-66J are schematic cross-sectional diagrams illustrating afluidic optical device having a variable thickness membrane.

FIGS. 66K-66M are cross sectional schematic diagrams illustrating afluidic optical device having a variable elasticity membrane that usesan overlay mask according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 67A-67B are exploded view diagram of a fluidic lens according toan alternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 67C is a three-dimensional diagram of a lens skeleton used in thefluidic lens of FIG. 67B.

FIG. 67D is a cross-sectional diagram of the lens skeleton of FIG. 67Ctaken along line D-D.

FIG. 68A is a three-dimensional diagram illustrating a fluidic lensassembly using the fluidic lens of FIG. 67A.

FIG. 68B is a three-dimensional diagram illustrating a fluidic lensassembly using the fluidic lens of FIG. 67B.

FIG. 68C is a three-dimensional diagram of a retainer used in thefluidic lens assemblies of FIGS. 68A-68B.

FIG. 68D is a top view three-dimensional diagram of a base plate used inthe fluidic lens assemblies of FIGS. 68A-68B.

FIG. 68E is a bottom view three-dimensional diagram of the base plate ofFIG. 68D.

FIG. 69A is a three-dimensional assembly diagram of an ultrasonic motoractuator that may be used in embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 69B is a cross-sectional diagram of an alternative ultrasonic motoractuator.

FIG. 70A is a side view elevation schematic diagram of a solenoidactuated fluidic optical device according to an alternative embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 70B is a top plan view schematic diagram of the solenoid actuatedfluidic optical device of FIG.70A.

FIG. 70C is a side view elevation schematic diagram of a portion of thefluidic optical device of FIG. 70A.

FIG. 71A is a cross-sectional exploded view schematic diagram of a dualmembrane fluidic lens according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 71B is a three-dimensional exploded view schematic diagram of adual actuator for use with the fluidic lens of FIG. 71A.

FIG. 71C is a three-dimensional schematic diagram illustrating operationof the dual actuator of FIG. 71B.

FIG. 71D is a three-dimensional cutaway view of an internal threadedlead screw used in the actuator of FIG. 71B.

FIG. 71E is a cross-sectional schematic assembly diagram of the fluidiclens of FIG. 71A.

FIG. 71F is a plan view schematic diagram of a baseplate and dualmembrane outer rim for the fluidic lens of FIG. 71A.

FIGS. 72A-72B are side view cross-sectional schematic diagrams of abi-metallic actuated fluidic lens according to an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 72C is a top plan view schematic diagram of a bi-metallic actuatorfor use with the fluidic lens of FIGS. 72A-72B.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Although the following detailed description contains many specificdetails for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill inthe art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to thefollowing details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly,the exemplary embodiments of the invention described below are set forthwithout any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitationsupon, the claimed invention.

A common inventive thread in each of the preferred embodiments of thisinvention is a compact arrangement of the actuator structure and fluidiclens. The task of reducing the profile of the actuator is facilitated inpart by judicious choice of its mechanical interface with the compliantfluidic lens. In order to achieve efficient adjustment of the focallength of the fluidic lens (for example, maximizing the range of focalpower of the lens while minimizing the work, mechanical motion or strokerequired by the actuator), some means of mechanical amplification may beincorporated into one or more of the actuator, mechanical interface andfluidic lens. Such means of amplification form another common threadamong the following embodiments. The following design principles guidethe embodiments of the present invention: (i) it is desirable for arelatively small work load (or movement or stroke) of the actuator toresult in a relatively large change in the optical properties of thefluidic lens. In this fashion, a relatively small stroke of the actuatorresults in a sufficient displacement of fluid contained in the lens,resulting in a relatively large change in the radius of curvature of oneor more of the optical surfaces of the lens; (ii) it is desirable forthe actuator to be disposed in the close proximity of the fluidic inorder to reduce the overall size of the system; (iii) it is desirablefor actuation forces to be distributed as uniformly as possible tominimize points of high stress, reduce optical aberrations, and/orincrease product reliability and longevity; (iv) it is desirable thatthe physical size and mechanical complexity of the actuator and fluidiclens be reduced as much as possible; (v) it is desirable that theresponse time of the actuator and fluidic lens be minimized. In thisfashion, the actuator should be able to adjust the focal length of thelens to any position within its range of operation in as short a time aspossible; (vi) it is desirable that a small distortion or strain inducedin the membrane results in a large range in focal power for the fluidiclens. By minimizing the strain induced on the membrane, the lifetime ofthe membrane can be increased and the membrane can be fabricated using awider selection of materials; and (vii) these design principles aredesirable but not to the extent that performance of any or all of theactuator, fluidic lens or system as a whole are compromised.

As depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B, a fluidic lens (or “lenslet”) 100 has a lensskeleton (or “lens frame”) 102 encapsulated in a filling fluid 104 andstabilized with a membrane 106. The skeleton 102 may have a form similarto that of a spool or a bobbin. The skeleton 102 may be characterized bya substantially cylindrical or disc-like shape having an aperture 108and a fluid reservoir 110. By way of example as depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B,the fluid reservoir 110 may be in the form of an annular channel boundedby flanges 112 at opposite ends of a cylinder 111 having a central borethat forms the aperture 108. One or more flow holes 114 allow for fluidcommunication between the aperture 108 and reservoir 110. The flow holes114 may be formed perpendicular to an axis of cylindrical symmetry z.Although in the example depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B, a single reservoir 110and aperture 108 are depicted, the invention is not limited to such aconfiguration. The reservoir 110 may include two or more reservoirs inat least partial fluid communications with each other and with theaperture 108. Furthermore the reservoir 110 may be disposed at leastpartially inside the aperture 108 or vice versa. Additional detail ofthis type of fluidic lens 100 can be seen in the three dimensionaldrawings of FIG. 20. Pressure is applied to the sides of the fluidiclens 100 in order to adjust the focal length of the fluidic lens. Thepressure elements may be placed at angular positions between the flowholes 114 in order to allow uniform flow of fluid 104. In thisembodiment, the membrane bulges out at two sides of the lens.

In some embodiments, it is desirable for the lenslet 100 to be of a sizesuitable for use in digital cameras, cell phone cameras or other mobiledevices. By way of example, the flanges 112 of the skeleton 102 may havean outer diameter D of about 5 to 6 millimeters, an aperture diameter dof about 3 to 5 millimeters and a thickness T of about 3 to 4millimeters. In some embodiments, the flanges 112 may taper toaccommodate an inward curvature of the membrane 106 under a net negativepressure, e.g., to achieve a negative focal length or bi-convex lensshape as described below.

The fluid 104 fills the aperture 108 and reservoir 110. The fluid 104may have a refractive index between about 1.1 and about 3.0. The fluid104 desirably has a viscosity of about 0.1 to about 100 centipoises overa temperature range from about −10° C. to about 80° C. By way ofexample, the fluid 104 may be silicone oil (e.g., Bis-PhenylpropylDimethicone). The fluid 104 and skeleton 102 may be index matched, i.e.,have refractive indexes that are equal or nearly equal. Additionally,fluid 104 may include fluorinated polymers such as perfluorinatedpolyether (PFPE) inert fluid. One example of a PFPE fluid is Fomblin®brand vacuum pump oil manufactured by Solvay Solexis of Bollate, Italy.The chemical chains of PFPE fluids such as Foblin® include fluorine,carbon and oxygen and have desirable properties including low vaporpressure, chemical inertness, high thermal stability, good lubricantproperties, no flash or fire point, low toxicity, excellentcompatibility with metals, plastics and elastomers, good aqueous andnon-aqueous solvent resistance, high dielectric properties, low surfacetension, good radiation stability and are environmentally acceptable.The fluid 104 may include dopants, dyes, pigments, particles,nanoparticle and/or chemical elements that serve to modify thetransmissive optical properties of the fluid. By way of example, it maybe desirable in certain camera applications that the fluid 104 mayinclude infrared absorbing particles or pigments that serve to preventinfrared wavelengths of about 670 nm and greater from being transmittedthrough the fluidic lens while allowing visible wavelengths to betransmitted generally without loss.

The membrane 106 defines one or more optical faces 107. Faces 107 act asoptical interfaces disposed between the fluid 104 and the externalenvironment within which the lenslet 100 is disposed. In manyapplications, the external environment will be air at standardatmospheric pressure. However in certain applications it may bedesirable to dispose the lenslet 100 in other external environments,including, for example, vacuum, pressurized gas, plasma or liquid. Atleast one of the faces 107 is sufficiently flexible that it canelastically deform as a result of a change in pressure of the fluid 104.The membrane 106 preferably has properties suitable for use in avariable focal length lens. Specifically, the membrane 106 should besufficiently elastic, rugged, and transparent to radiation in afrequency range of interest (for example, to visible light). Themembrane 106 should be capable of stretching elastically, should bedurable enough to have a lifetime suitable for its application. Forexample, in a cell phone camera application the membrane 106 should havea lifetime of several years and move than about one million cycles ofoperation. By way of example, and without limitation, the membrane 106may be made of a silicone-based polymer such as poly(dimethylsiloxane)also known as PDMS or a polyester material such as PET or Mylar™. It isnoted that if the fluid 104 and membrane 106 have sufficiently similarrefractive indices, or include a suitable optical coating, scattering oflight at their interface can be significantly reduced. Further, it maybe desirable to select a membrane 106 having an index of refraction thatserves to substantially impedance match the refractive indices of thefluid 104 and the external environment, thereby reducing opticalscattering in the proximity of faces 107.

Operation of the lenslet 100 may be understood with respect to FIGS.2A-2C. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, the lenslet 100 may be placed into anactuator package 120 that circumferentially constrains the expansion ofthe membrane 106. In the example depicted in FIGS. 2A-2C, the actuatorpackage includes a circumferential sidewall 121 that is sized to receivethe lenslet 100. The package 120 may further include an upper lip 122and a lower lip 124 that axially retain the lenslet 100. The lips 122,124 may define apertures that allow the optical faces 107 of themembrane 106 to expand. In a rest state, depicted in FIG. 2B, theoptical faces 107 may be substantially parallel. The actuator package120 includes an actuator 126 that exerts a force that tends to deformthe membrane 106 in a way that tends to displace the fluid 104 in thereservoir 110. If the sidewall 121 sufficiently constrains the sides ofthe membrane 106 from expanding, the fluid 104 is displaced through theflow holes 114 into the aperture 108. The expanding volume of fluid 104in the aperture 108 exerts deforming forces on the faces of the membrane106 instead, thereby deforming the optical faces 107 as shown in FIG.2C. The deforming force causes a change or deformation (for example, achange in the radius of curvature) of the optical faces 107, whichresults in a change in the optical properties (for example, the focusingproperties or focal power) of the lenslet 100. By controlling the amountof force that the actuator 126 exerts, the deformation and focusingproperties of the lenslet 100 may be adjusted in a predictable manner.By appropriate configuration of the skeleton 102, fluid 104, membrane106, aperture 108 and reservoir 110, a movement or stroke of theactuator no more than about 0.05 mm can result in a change of a focusingpower of the lens by about 25 diopters or more. There are many possibledevices that can be used as the actuator 126. Examples of suitableactuator devices that may be adapted to exert a force on the fluid 104in the reservoir 110 include, but are not limited to, electromagneticactuators, voice coils, solenoids, DC motors, stepper motors, MEMSactuators, electrostatic actuators, two-position actuators, multi-stepactuators, electro-thermal actuators, polymeric electro-activematerials, piezoelectric actuators, piezoelectric tube, piezoelectricstacked actuators, ultrasonic motors, shape memory alloy (SMA)actuators, synthetic muscle material, wire SMA actuators, stepping SMAactuators, bimetallic actuators, hydrostatic actuators, pump actuators,micro-fluidic pumps, electro-wetting actuators, electro-wetting pumps,electrophoresis pumps and electrophoresis actuators. By way of example,a SMA wire such as Nitinol or Flexinol® may be wrapped around thereservoir and activated by heating the wire, possibly by passing currentthrough it. Flexinol® is a trademark of Dynalloy Corporation of CostaMesa, California. An implementation of such a device may, naturally,have additional design features such as additional restoring force meansto fully extend the wire upon cooling, and control means, to overcomehysteresis effects known to practitioners of the art.

FIGS. 2D-2E illustrates an example of a fluidic lens 130 thatincorporates a number of SMA members in order to perform actuation. Thelens 130 generally includes a spool-shaped skeleton 132 having flangesand an aperture. The skeleton 132 is filled with fluid 133 and enclosedin a membrane 136 as described above. A plurality of strips of shapeactuator material, for example, SMA, 138 are disposed peripherallyaround the skeleton 132 and make contact or are in mechanicalcommunication with the membrane 136. The strips 138 may be secured to achip base 134 having an aperture. As shown in FIG. 2D, the strips 138are in a bent position when the lens is in a rest state in which themembrane 136 is minimally flexed. When heat or electric current isapplied to the strips 138 they attempt to return to a straightenedposition, thereby exerting pressure on the membrane 136 and fluid asshown in FIG. 2E. The pressure from the strips 138 causes the membrane136 to bulge, which changes the focal length of the lens 130.

FIGS. 2F and 24 illustrate a fluidic lens 140 that is a variation on thefluidic lens 130 of FIGS. 2D-2E. The lens 140 includes a spool-shapedskeleton 142 and membrane 146. The skeleton 142 may be made from an offthe shelf elastomer grommet or bushing. A plurality of triangular-shapedmembers (“triangles”) 145 having two sides 148 made of actuator material(e.g., shape memory alloy) are disposed peripherally around the skeleton142. The two actuator material sides 148 join at a vertex that makescontact with the membrane 146. A third side of the triangle may be madeof circuit board material and may include wire leads that connect to acircuit board base 144 to which the triangles may be affixed. When heator electric current is applied to the actuator material sides 148 theyreturn to the memorized high-temperature shape such that the verticescontacting the membrane 146 move radially in a fashion such that thereis a change in pressure that is exerted on the membrane 146 and fluid.FIGS. 2G-2H illustrate fluidic lens 150 that is another variation on thefluidic lens 130. The lens 150 has a spool shaped skeleton 152 and fluidfilled membrane 156. The lens 150 may be mounted to a chip base 154having an aperture 155. The lens 150 uses a constricting band 158 as anactuator. The constricting band 158 can be made of a variety ofmaterials including a material that expands and contracts withtemperature variations or a synthetic muscle material, like ionicpolymer metal composites (IPMCs). Examples of such materials includeflexinol, nitinol, and polymeric electroactive materials. Theconstricting band can be actuated many different ways includingthermally, electrically, or hydrostatically. Actuation constricting band158 decreases its diameter, which exerts pressure radially inward on themembrane 156. Again, it should be understood by those skilled in theart, that the illustrations provided herewith are of a symbolic nature,envisioning that the various necessary subsystems (such as heat,electrical power and control) are to be appended by the designer, asneeded.

FIGS. 2I-2J illustrate fluidic lens 160 that is another variation on thefluidic lens 130. The lens 160 has a spool shaped skeleton 162 withflexible flanges 163 and a fluid filled membrane 166. The lens 160 maybe mounted to a chip base 164 having an aperture 165. The lens 160 usesa piezoelectric ring 168 as an actuator. The piezoelectric ring 168could be comprised of a variety of materials including but not limitedto lead zirconium titanate. Application of a voltage to electrodes onthe piezoelectric material decreases the diameter of the ring 168, whichexerts pressure radially inward on the membrane 166. Alternatively, thepiezoelectric ring may be configured as a tube, adapted to eitherprovide radial constriction or axial compression upon the flexibleflanges of the lens skeleton. FIGS. 2J-2K illustrate fluidic lens 170that is another variation on the fluidic lens 130. The lens 170 has aspool shaped skeleton 172 with flexible flanges 173 and a fluid filledmembrane 176. The lens 170 may be mounted to a chip base 174 having anaperture 175. The lens 170 uses a mechanical iris 178 which may becontrolled by a linear actuator 179 like a piston solenoid that can beactuated electrically. The iris 178 may be of a type such as might befound in a variable aperture camera lens. The iris 178 has a number ofplates with curved edges that define an opening. Movement of the linearactuator 179 causes the plates to move in such a way that the opening ofthe iris 178 is forced to decrease in diameter and exert pressureradially inward on the membrane 166.

There are many variations on the fluidic lenses described above. Forexample, portions of the lens skeleton may be deformable in order toenhance the deformation of the fluid reservoir during actuation. Forexample, as shown in FIGS. 3A-3C and 4A-4C a lenslet 300 may beconstructed with flexible flanges 312 disposed on a skeleton 302 wherethe flanges 312 may be constructed with flexure grooves 316,318 wherebyan actuation force results in a predetermined deformation of the flangesalong the flexure grooves 316, 318. Such flexures and predetermineddeformation may serve certain functions including: (i) maximizing thechange in volume of a reservoir 310 and, hence, the displacement offluid 308 resulting from the actuation force; and (ii) providing anelastic deformation of the flange whereby, upon removal of the actuationforce, the deformed flange has sufficient restoration force to returnthe flange to its rest position and, hence, return the displaced fluid308 to its rest condition. FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the construction ofsuch a lenslet 300. As depicted in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, the lenslet 300includes a skeleton 302 that is similar in construction to the skeleton102 described above. The skeleton 302 includes a cylindrical portion 311having a central bore that forms an aperture 308. A channel betweenflanges 312 at opposite ends of the cylinder 311 forms a fluid reservoir310. Flow holes 314 communicate between the reservoir 310 and aperture308. A transparent compliant membrane 306 encapsulates a transparentfluid 304 within the aperture 308 and reservoir 310, e.g., as shown inFIG. 3C. The flanges 312 each include an annular groove 316 proximatejunctions between the cylinder 311 and flanges 312 and one or moreradial grooves 318. The grooves 316, 318 facilitate deformation of theflanges 312 under the influence of an actuation force. It is desirablethat the flanges 312 be made of a material that can elastically deform.As used herein, elastic deformation generally refers to a situationwherein an object can deform under the influence of a deforming forceand tends to return to its original shape upon removal of the deformingforce.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate operation of the lenslet 300. Specifically, oneor more actuators 326 are adapted to exert a force that tends todisplace the fluid 304 in the reservoir 310 as shown in FIG. 4A. Theflanges 312 remain in non-deformed (or, “rest”) shape with noapplication force by the actuator 326. As the actuator 326 appliesdeforming force the membrane 306 deforms displacing fluid from thereservoir 310 as described above. However, in addition to thedeformation of the membrane 306, the flanges 312 also deform due to theannular and radial grooves 316, 318. Deformation of the flanges 312causes a reduction of the volume of the reservoir 310 thereby assistingin the forcing of fluid 304 into the aperture 308. When actuator forceis removed, flanges 312 return to their original shape, as shown in FIG.4C, thereby providing restoring force on the membrane 306. This reducesthe stress on the membrane 306 and may ease its mechanical requirementsand increase its lifetime and resistance to failure.

It may be desirable to fabricate optical devices of the type describedabove with a seamless membrane providing a closed surface thatencapsulates the lens skeleton. A seamless membrane results in lowerstress, higher optical quality and fewer defects. It may be furtherdesirable to fabricate devices of the type described above in ahigh-yield manufacturing process that is scalable to manufacturehundreds of millions of lenslet units at a manufacturing cost per deviceof between about $0.001 and about $0.10.

There are a number of possible approaches to making a crosslinked shellof PDMS around oil wetted lens skeletons. One possible approach, amongothers, is to douse the lens skeletons in vinylated PDMS and push theminto an aqueous phase so that the fluid immiscibility and relativesurface energies of the PDMS/plastic and PDMS/water keep a shell of oilaround the plastic piece. FIGS. 5A-5D schematically depict an example ofsuch a process. The process begins by fabricating the skeletons 502 forthe lenslets. By way of example, the skeletons 502 may be injectedmolded from a polymer, polycarbonate, plastic or other material. Theskeletons 502 may be made in one piece or in two or more pieces that areadhered together. The mold may be configured to produce multipleskeletons (or skeleton parts) in a single injection molding operation.The skeletons 502 are mixed in a bath containing the fluid 504 as shownin FIG. 5A. Preferably, the fluid 504 is of a type that can wet thesurface of the skeleton 502. The wetting is dependent on the type offluid and the material of the skeleton. By way of example, the fluid 504may be silicone oil (e.g., Bis-Phenylpropyl Dimethicone, which may beobtained commercially as part SF1555 from Dong Yang Silicone, GEPKBuilding 4FL., 231-8, Nonhyung-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, SEOUL, KOREA) and theskeleton 502 may be made of a polycarbonate or plastic material. Thefluid is expected to wet the surface of the skeleton if the surfaceenergy of the fluid 504 is sufficiently lower than the surface tensionof the skeletons 502. By way of example, a difference of approximately10 dyne/cm is expected to be sufficient. The bath may be heated andstirred to mix the filling fluid 504 into the skeletons 502. Low surfaceenergy allows the fluid 504 to fully wet the surfaces of the skeletons502, as described above.

Once the fluid 504 wets the skeletons 502, the excess fluid 504 may bedrained as shown in FIG. 5B. Each skeleton 502 remains encapsulated inthe fluid 504 due to the high surface tension of the skeleton 502 andthe low surface energy of the fluid 504. Membranes may now be formed toindividually encapsulate each of the skeletons 502 and fluid 504 asshown. By way of example, and without limitation, the bath containingthe fluid encapsulated skeletons may be filled with an aqueous solution530 as shown in FIG. 5C. The aqueous solution may contain across-linkable component (e.g., an ethoxylated surfactant or a vinylgroup). If the surface energy of the fluid 504 is less than the surfaceenergy of the aqueous solution 530 should remain encapsulated in thefluid 504. In addition, the specific gravities of the aqueous solution530 and fluid 504 may be controlled and balanced such that the fluiddoes not tend to float or sink out of the skeletons 502. Alternatively,the specific gravities may be selected such that the aqueous solution530 floats above the fluid 504 or vice versa. Individual encapsulationof the fluid 504 and skeletons 502 may then be accomplished by mixing inan activator that activates cross-linking of the cross-linkablecomponent at a boundary of the fluid 504 and aqueous solution 530. Thecross-linking activation may be triggered by suitable means, includingthermal activation and/or photo-activation. After a sufficient degree ofcross-linking, the skeletons 502 and fluid 504 can be encapsulated in arugged, stable, elastic and transparent polymer membrane 506. If athermally activated, water soluble crosslinking agent is pre-dissolvedin the aqueous phase, then the solution 530 can be heated to get thesurface of the PDMS to crosslink. One possible crosslinking agent isazobis (cyanovaleric acid), which is desirable due to its ready watersolubility and low thermal decomposition temperature. The crosslinkdensity would control the ability of the “skin” to hold in the oil, aswell as controlling the flexibility of the membrane 506. Under certainconditions, the latter may be a generally delicate balance. Processvariables such as crosslinker concentration in the aqueous phase,crosslinking temperature, and reaction time can be adjusted to tune thecrosslink density.

Another approach to manufacturing PDMS lenses is to simply cast lensesout of crosslinked PDMS and to squeeze them in a controlled way tochange the focal lengths. For example, PDMS can be cast over a Fresnellens. After sufficient cross-linking, the PDMS layer can be peeled awayand used as a lens. If the cast PDMS is squeezed isotropically, thelens' focal length could be changed in a simple manner. Depending on thedegree of cross-linking, cast PDMS may serve as both a fluid and amembrane for the purposes of embodiments of the present invention. It isto be noted that very small features can be fabricated using cast PDMS.For example, Whitesides et al have used a mechanical strategy in PDMSsoft lithography to achieve a desired structure having very smallfeature sizes. A microchip master is generated by conventionallithography PDMS is cast on the microchip master to make a rubber stampthat is the negative of the desired structure. Then the master isisotropically squeezed in order to physically reduce the size of thecast and a new reduced size master can be made using polyurethane. PDMScan then be cast on the new polyurethane master, and the cast PDMS canbe mechanically squeezed down to make a new master. By repeating theprocess it is possible to make a rubber stamp for soft lithography thatwould give ˜10-50 nm lines on a substrate. Such a stamp can be used toproduce PDMS lenses on a large scale.

Although much of the preceding discussion deals with lenslets having aflanged skeleton, the invention is in no way limited to this particulardesign. For example, FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate an embodiment of a fluidiclens 600 having a different design. The lens 600 includes a skeleton 602having an upper portion 602A and a lower portion 602B. The upper andlower portions include matching openings that provide an aperture 608.In this example, the upper portion 602A is made of a compliant material,e.g., an elastomer. An annular reservoir 610 is formed within the upperportion 602A. The reservoir 610 communicates with the aperture 608 via achannel 614. A rounded groove 613 is formed at an intersection of thechannel 614 and aperture 608. As shown in FIG. 6A and the aperture 608and reservoir 610 are filled with a transparent fluid 604 and the upperand lower portions 602A, 602B are covered by a compliant membrane 606.In this particular embodiment, the membrane 606 has two optical surfaces607A, 607B that are substantially flat and parallel when the lenslet 600is in a rest state, i.e., with no displacing force applied to the fluidreservoir 610. The flange-less design of the skeleton 602 allows the twooptical faces 607A, 607B to be quite close to each other, e.g., thethickness of the fluid between them may be about 50 microns or less.

When a displacing force is applied to the upper portion 602A (e.g., asindicated by the shaded arrows in FIG. 6C) the volume of the reservoir610 is compressed forcing fluid 604 into the aperture 608. In theexample depicted in FIG. 6C, a ring-shaped piston 626, which may beactuated by any suitable mechanism such as those described above,applies the displacing force. In the example shown, the actuation forceis directed substantially perpendicular to a plane of the membrane 606when it is in the rest position. As a result of increased fluid volumein the aperture 608, the membrane 606 expands, e.g., as indicated inphantom, leading to a changed curvature of the optical surfaces 607A,607B and a correspondingly changed focal power. The rounded groove 613can provide a contact angle for the surface of the fluid 604 thatfacilitates a desired curvature of the optical surfaces 607A, 607B.

In some embodiments of the invention, a lenslet may have a rigid opticalsurface. FIG. 7 depicts an example of an alternative optical device 700according to an alternative embodiment of the invention. The device 700includes a lens skeleton 702 that is formed in two parts. The lensskeleton 702 includes a rigid transparent substrate 702A, a reservoirportion 702B. The substrate 702A may be made of any suitable rigidtransparent material, e.g., glass, plastic, polymer, polycarbonate, andthe like. By way of example, the substrate 702A may be made of glassbetween about 0.7 mm and about 0.2 mm in thickness. The substrate 702Aprovides a first optical surface 707A. The reservoir portion 702Bincludes an annular reservoir 710 defined by inner and outer walls thatsurround an aperture 708. A transparent fluid 704, e.g., as describedabove, fills the aperture 708 and reservoir 710. Channels 714 formed inthe inner wall provide fluid communication between the aperture 708 andreservoir 710. A transparent compliant membrane 706 covers the aperture708 and reservoir 710 such that the fluid is enclosed between themembrane 706 and the substrate 702A. The membrane 706 provides a secondoptical surface 707B. One or more electrodes 726A may be deposited orotherwise formed on the substrate 702A proximate the reservoir 710 andone or more corresponding electrodes 726B may be deposited or otherwiseformed on the membrane 706 proximate the reservoir. The electrodes 726A,726B can serve as an electrostatic actuator as described below withrespect to FIGS. 9A-9C. The electrodes 726A, 726B and correspondingportion of the membrane 706 may be regarded as an elastic capacitorsection of the lenslet 700 while the aperture and corresponding portionof the membrane 706 may be regarded as an elastic lens section of thedevice 700.

FIGS. 8A-8F illustrate one possible sequence of steps in making thedevice 700 of FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 8A, the substrate 702A is formedfirst, e.g., by cutting glass to a suitable shape. One or more fillholes 703 may be formed through the substrate at this stage. As shown inFIG. 8B, the inner and outer walls of the reservoir portion 702B areformed and bonded to the substrate 702A. The reservoir portion 702B maybe formed in a single piece or in two or more separate pieces. Next, asshown in FIG. 8C, the membrane 706 is attached to the reservoir portion702A covering the aperture 708 and reservoir 710. Next, as depicted inFIG. 8D, the lower electrodes 726A are formed on the substrate 702A andthe upper electrodes 726B are formed on the membrane 706. The aperture708 and reservoir 710 may then be filled with fluid 704 via the fillholes 703, as depicted in FIG. 8E. In some embodiments, the aperture andreservoir may be evacuated and filled through a single hole 703. Inother embodiments, two or more holes may be used. For example, fluid maybe supplied through one hole and air allowed to escape through anotherhole. After the aperture 708 and reservoir 710 have been filled, theholes 703 are sealed with plugs 705 as depicted in FIG. 8F. The device700 is now ready for operation.

Operation of the device 700 as a lens may be understood by referring toFIGS. 9A-9C. With no voltage applied between the lower electrodes 726Aand the upper electrodes 726B, the lens 700 is in rest state as depictedin FIG. 9A. In this state, the membrane is substantially planar and thefirst and second optical surfaces 707A, 707B are substantially parallelto each other. As depicted in FIG. 9B, when a voltage (DC) is appliedbetween the lower and upper electrodes 726A, 726B electrostatic forcespull the electrodes toward each other. These forces on the upperelectrodes 726B push part of the membrane 706 into the reservoir 710. Asa result, fluid 704 is forced from reservoir 710 into the opticalaperture 708. Due to increased fluid volume in the aperture 708, themembrane deforms thereby changing the curvature of the second opticalsurface 707B and the focal properties of the device 700. Those of skillin the art will recognize that appropriate adjustment of the voltageapplied between the upper and lower electrodes can control the focalproperties of the device 700. When the voltage is removed the membrane706 returns to the rest position as depicted in FIG. 9C.

Applying actuation forces around the periphery of the actuator servesthe design principle of a small reservoir wall displacement resulting inlarge optical surface deflection because the resulting volumedisplacement is generally proportional to the outer circumference, whichis larger than any other circularly symmetrical feature of the lens.Combining axial displacement and radial displacement further enhancesthe actuation mechanical amplification effect. These attributes areincorporated into a peripherally actuated fluidic lens 1000 depicted inFIGS. 10A-10G. As shown in FIGS. 10A-10C, the lens 1000 generallyincludes a lens skeleton 1002 having a rigid base 1001 and an inner wall1003. The inner wall 1003 and a transparent portion of the base 1003define an aperture 1008. A compliant outer wall 1005 peripherallysurrounds the inner wall 1003. A reservoir 1010 is defined between theinner wall 1003, outer wall 1004 and the base 1001. A transparent fluidfills the aperture 1008 and reservoir 1010. Channels 1014 formed in theinner wall provide fluid communication between the aperture 1008 andreservoir 1010. A compliant membrane 1006 is located over the aperture1008 and reservoir 1010.

As shown in FIGS. 10D-10F, a mechanical interface 1020 referred toherein as a “spider” is used in order to apply a displacing forceagainst the compliant outer wall 1005. The spider 1020 generallyincludes a substantially flat ring 1022 with leg-like extensions 1024disposed radially outward in the plane of the ring 1022. As indicated inFIG. 10E, each leg 1022 has a first narrow recess 1026 near ajunctionbetween the leg 1024 and the ring 1022. The leg 1022 has a second recess1028 near the middle of its length. The recesses 1026, 1028 are disposedon opposite sides of the spider 1020 and are adapted to serve asflexible hinges or flexures. The flexed configuration is achieved whenthe spider 1020 and the lens 1000 are assembled coaxially in preparationfor the application of an axial actuation force indicated as F in FIG.10F. It is seen that in the assembled configuration, the spider legs1024 are arranged in a substantially axial direction. The orientation ofthe flexure recess 1028 in the middle of the legs 1024 is such that theaxial force F would result in a buckling action, thrusting the “knee”portion of the legs radially inward. The resulting radial force exertedby the “knee”, in turn, compresses the outer wall 1005 of the lens 1000radially inward, thus adding to the displaced fluid volume and resultingin amplified motion of the optical surface of the lens. The ring 1022may be augmented with a projection 1030 on its bottom side. Thisprojection 1030 is designed to impinge on the portion of the membrane1006 located over the fluid reservoir 1010, thereby adding to the volumeof fluid displaced from the reservoir. It is clear that force F may beapplied by any convenient means such as electrostatic, electromagnetic,piezoelectric, thermally, etc., subject to meeting the basicrequirements of force, stroke, available power, speed, cost and othersuch constraints.

The fluidic lens of FIGS. 10A-10F can be varied in a number of ways. Forexample, FIGS. 10G-10I depict a partially assembled fluidic lens 1040having a unitary lens skeleton 1042 with an inner wall 1044 and an outerwall 1046 with a reservoir channel 1048 between them. Holes 1050 in thefloor of the channel 1048 communicate with an aperture 1052. A roundoptical component 1054 provides one optical surface for the lens 1040.This component may be conveniently chosen with or without optical power.A compliant membrane (not shown) provides the other optical surface asdescribed above.

FIG. 25 depicts a micro lens assembly 2500 that is a variation on thedevices described above with respect to FIGS. 10A-10F. The microlensassembly includes a base plate 2502, a lens membrane 2504, a lens ring2506, a plunger ring 2508 and an actuator ring 2510. The lens ring 2506may have inner and outer rings that define an aperture with an annularreservoir for fluid between them in fluid communication with theaperture as described above with respect to FIGS. 10G-10H. The plungerring 2508 (or a portion thereof) fits within the annular reservoir toprovide fluid displacement. The lens membrane covers the aperture and isdisposed between the plunger ring 2508 and the lens ring 2506. The base2502 may include a flange to facilitate attachment of the fluidic lensto the rest of an optical device or system. The plunger ring 2506 andactuator ring 2510 interlock via tabs 2512 on the plunger ring 2508 andcorresponding slots on the actuator ring 2510. Actuation of the plungerring 2508 through an axial force applied to the actuator ring 2510 ringdisplaces fluid from the reservoir causing the membrane 2504 to expand.

In the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 10A-10F and 25, there is only onedeformable membrane. However, embodiments of the present invention arenot limited to such a configuration. A portion or all of the base platemay be replaced with or incorporate a second deformable membrane.Likewise, one or more of a second actuator ring, lens ring, plunger andactuator may be similarly used with a second deformable membrane.

As described above, both peripheral and axial compression may be used toenhance the volume compression of the fluidic lens 1000. There are anumber of different mechanisms that may be used to achieve bothperipheral and axial compression. For example, FIG. 11A depicts ahelical coil actuator 1100, which may be used to actuate a fluidic lens,e.g. of the type described above. The actuator 1100 uses a helicalspring 1102, which can be wrapped around the flexible side wall of alens, such as lens 1000 of FIGS. 10A-10C. The spring 1102 is anchored atits two ends between two rings like structures, an upper ring 1104 and alower ring 1106, which are sized and shaped to enclose the lens. In itsunloaded state the loops of the spring 1102 lightly touch the side wallof the lens. The upper ring 1104 rests on top of the fluid reservoirwith its bottom side projection in contact with the lens membrane. Thespring 1102 may be secured to the upper and lower rings ring by anchors1103, 1105. The upper ring 1104, when actuated, may undergo axialtranslation, but is prevented from rotating by guiding means 1108, e.g.,one or more axially oriented and lubricated alignment pins. The bottomring 1106, when actuated is free to rotate around the common lens axiswhile being guided by a bearing means 1110, for example, a sleevebearing. The lower ring 1106, when rotated in a direction that winds thespring 1102 down more tightly, causes the loops 1102 of the spring tomove radially inward while pulling the upper ring 1104 axially downward.Rotation of the bottom ring in the opposite direction reverses theprevious action. The bottom ring may be rotated by any convenient means,e.g., a small motor 1112 coupled by a spur-gear1113 to a gear 1114affixed to the bottom ring 1106. By way of example, the motor 1112 maybe an ultrasonic piezoelectric motor coaxially disposed with the bottomring 1106, and constructed so that its rotor is solidly joined with thebottom ring 1106. Other motors may work as well and are to be regardedas falling within the scope of the present invention. A more compactalternative results when the helical spring is itself constructed of ashape memory alloy. In this case the bottom ring would be mechanicallyfixed with no other motor required. Ohmic heating of the helix, obtainedby passing a current through the wire, would be used to vary the radialand axial forces exerted onto the lens. Auxiliary elastic restoringmeans (such as an additional axially disposed passive helical spring)could be employed to restore the actuator to the undeflected condition.

Although many of the above embodiments constrict the reservoirperipherally, the invention is in no way limited by such a feature.Furthermore, although in many embodiments the reservoir and aperturesections of the skeleton are separated by some sort of wall or barrierthe invention is in no way limited by this feature. In such a case, thereservoir may be regarded as that portion of the fluid filled membraneupon which the actuator exerts a fluid-displacing force. For example,FIGS. 11B-11D depict a fluidic lens 1150 having skeleton made from anouter ring 1152A and inner ring 1152B. A compliant membrane 1156 havingan edge roll 1107 is retained between the inner and outer rings. Themembrane 1156 provides a first optical surface. In this embodiment, onlythe optical surface provided by the membrane 1156 is actuated. In theexample depicted in FIGS. 11B-11C, the membrane has an edge roll thatconforms to an outer edge of the inner ring 1152B and an inner edge ofthe outer ring 1152A. A round optical component 1155 provides a secondoptical surface. The rings 1152A, 1152B, component 1155, and membrane1156 enclose a volume 1158 that can be filled with a fluid. As shown inFIG. 11C, a ring shaped piston 1160 includes a protrusion 1162 sized tofit within the inner ring 1152B. When the piston 1160 is pushed axiallyagainst the membrane 1156 the projection 1162 engages the membrane 1156and displaces some of the fluid in the volume 1158. As a result of thefluid displacement, the membrane 1156 expands. As the protrusion 1162engages the membrane 1156, the membrane will strain (or stretch).Depending on the dimensions of the various elements of the fluidic lens1150, the strain may be distributed non-uniformly across the membrane1156. For example, the region of the membrane 1156 exterior to theprojection 1162 may encounter significantly greater strain than theregion interior to the projection 1162 resulting in an increasedlikelihood of damage to the exterior region of the membrane 1156.Therefore, it may be desirable to specify the dimensions of elements ofthe fluidic lens 1150, including the projection 1162, ring shaped piston1160, outer ring 1152A and inner ring 1152B, such that the strain (andother forces) across the membrane is generally balanced (or uniform)over a wide range of actuation stroke (or thrust) by the piston 1160.Such balancing of the strain (and other forces) in various regions ofthe membrane 1156 can reduce the regions of high strain and thereforedecrease the likelihood of damage to the membrane 1156 as well as in thepiston 1160 and other elements of the fluid lens 1150.

Additional detail of a variation on this type of fluidic lens can beseen in the three-dimensional drawing of FIG. 21, which depicts afluidic lens 2100 having a plunger 2102, membrane 2106, lens rim 2108and flat planar lens element 2110. The membrane 2106 is disposed betweenthe plunger 2102 and the lens rim 2108. Fluid occupies the space betweenthe membrane 2106, lens rim 2108 and planar element 2110. The plunger2102 includes a depressor ring, which may be integral to the plunger,and a stop shelf 2105. The depressor ring fits within an inside diameterof the lens rim 2108 and engages the membrane 2106 causing displacementof fluid. The stop shelf 2105 has a larger diameter than the lens rimand limits displacement of the plunger. Only the membrane 2106 actuatesas the flat planar lens element 2110 acts to increase pressure and rangeof movement thus enhancing the range of focal distances obtainable withthis configuration.

Additional embodiments of the invention may utilize a number ofdifferent constriction-type actuators in lenses having a transparentfluid encapsulated in a transparent compliant membrane with or without alens skeleton. By way of example, as depicted in FIG. 12A, a fluidiclens may employ an actuator that applies a constricting force on thesides of a tube-shaped fluid-filled membrane 1202 in a radial directionas indicated by the arrows. The constricting force induces the ends ofthe membrane 1202 to bulge into a lens shape. Suitable actuators forapplying the constricting force may be electrostatic, electrostrictive,magnetostrictive, electromagnetic, thermal/SMA, piezoelectric,electrowetting, or motors (e.g., electromagnetic or ultrasonic).

There are a number of actuator designs that may be used to provide sucha radial constricting force. For example, FIG. 12B depicts a fluidiclens using a single band wrapper 1204 in conjunction with thefluid-filled tube 1202. Contraction of the wrapper 1204 induces bulgingof the ends of the tube. The wrapper 1204 may contract under theinfluence of thermal expansion, magnetostrictive or piezoelectriceffects. FIG. 12C depicts a lens using a zigzag wrapper 1206 inconjunction with the fluid filled tube 1202. The zigzag wrapper 1206 hasmultiple folds that can contract under the influence of thermalexpansion, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive or electrostatic forces. FIG.12D illustrates a close-up of a portion of a zigzag wrapper 1208 thatworks by differential thermal expansion. The folds of the wrapper aremade of two materials 1210, 1212, e.g., two different metals, havingdifferent coefficients of thermal expansion. In this example, material1210 has a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than material 1212.As a result, the folds tend to contract when heated. FIG. 12Eillustrates a close-up of a portion of a zigzag wrapper 1214 that worksby electrostatic force. Electrically isolated electrodes 1216, 1218 areplaced on opposite sides of the folds of the wrapper 1214. Whenappropriate voltage are applied between the electrodes 1216, the foldscollapse under the resulting electrostatic forces.

FIG. 12F illustrates a fluidic lens using a constricting band 1220 inconjunction with a lever actuator 1222 and fluid-filled tube 1202. Thelever actuator 1222 includes a lever arm 1224 attached to one end of theconstricting band 1220. The other end of the constricting band 1220 issecured to an anchor 1226 via a flexure 1228. An actuator 1230 exerts aforce on the lever arm 1224 that causes the constricting band toradially constrict the fluid-filled tube 1202. The actuator 1230 mayoperate by thermal expansion, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, orelectrostatic effect.

FIG. 12G illustrates a lens using a slotted constricting band 1232 inconjunction with a worm gear 1234 to radially constrict the fluid-filledtube 1202. Threads of the worm gear engage slots 1236 formed in the band1232. Rotation of the worm gear 1234 tightens the band 1232, whichradially constricts the tube 1202. Rotation of the worm gear 1234 can beimplemented by a motor or any of the actuation mechanisms discussedabove.

FIG. 12H illustrates a lens using a constricting band 1238 inconjunction with a winding axle 1240. The tube 1202 and axle 1240 areoriented with their respective axes substantially parallel (e.g., withina few degrees of parallel) to each other. The constricting band isattached to the axle 1240 in such a way that when the axle 1240 rotatesabout its axis it pulls on the band 1238 causing the band 1238 toradially constrict the tube 1202. A motor or any of the actuationmechanisms discussed above may be used to rotate the axle 1240.

A variation on the constricting band actuators described above is aconstricting ring actuator, examples of which are depicted in FIGS.13A-13B. The constricting ring actuator 1300 generally includes asupport ring 1303 and plurality of actuator arms 1304 that engage anedge of a fluid-filled compliant (e.g., elastomer) lens tube 1302. Theactuator arms are connected to the support ring 1303 and make contactwith the lens tube 1302. The actuator arms 1304 move inward toward thelens tube 1302 thereby applying a radially constricting force in amanner similar to the operation of a mechanical iris, such as might befound in a variable aperture camera lens. By way of example, theactuator arms 1304 may bend inward by differential thermal expansion.Alternatively, the actuator arms may be thin sheets having curved edges,as in a mechanical iris. Simultaneous rotation of the actuator arms canconstrict the lens tube 1302.

In other embodiments, the actuator may operate by axial constriction.For example, FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate examples of axial constriction ofa fluid-filled compliant lens tube 1402 between first and second rings1404, 1406 located at or near the ends of the tube 1402 and co-axiallyaligned with the tube 1402. An actuator applies an axial force on one orboth rings 1404, 1406 causing the fluid in the tube 1402 to bulge theends of the tube 1402. The actuator may be in the form of one or morearms that constrict and draw one ring axially toward the other. Theactuator arm may operate by thermal expansion, piezoelectric,magnetostrictive, electromagnetic, electrostatic effect, or by any ofthe actuator mechanisms described above. There are a number of differentactuator arm configurations. For example, in FIG. 14A linear actuatorarms 1408 disposed more or less parallel to a common axis of the rings1404, 1406 are used. In FIG. 14B one or more spiral actuator arms 1410are used. Alternatively, the arms may be linkages pivotally connected tothe two rings. When one of the rings rotates with respect to the other(or the two rings rotate in opposite directions) the linkages form theoutline of a hyperboloid surface having a reduced diameter waist and areduced distance between rings. This results in a beneficial combinationof axial and radial squeezing of the reservoir wherein a greater volumeof fluid is displaced (and hence, a greater range of focal power for thefluidic lens is achieved) for the generally the same actuation strokewhen compared with only axial constriction of the tube 1402.

Additional embodiments also utilize combinations of radial and axialconstriction for enhanced fluid displacement. For example, FIG. 15depicts a fluidic lens 1500 that uses a fluid-filled compliant (e.g.,elastomer) membrane in the form of a tube 1502 constricted betweenperipheral electrodes 1504, 1506. The electrodes 1504, 1506 areconnected to a mounting ring 1508. The ring 1508 and electrodes 1504,1506 retain the tube 1502. When a voltage is applied between theperipheral electrodes 1504, 1506, the electrodes are attracted towardeach other as shown in FIG. 15. The resulting force exerted on the tube1502 can have both a radial component and an axial component. This forcecauses the fluid-filled tube 1502 to bulge.

Other actuation schemes may be implemented that do not require theconstriction of the fluid-filled membrane. For example, FIGS. 16A-16Bdepict a fluidic lens 1600 having a fluid-filled membrane 1602surrounded by and fluidly coupled to an annular reservoir 1604. Amicro-fluidic pump 1606 is connected between the reservoir 1604 andmembrane 1602. The pump 1606 delivers extra fluid from the reservoir1604 to the membrane 1602 by electrowetting or electrophoresis or otherpumping actuation mechanisms described above. The extra volume of fluidcauses the membrane 1602 to bulge, producing a change in its focusingproperties. The reservoir 1604 can be sized and shaped to restrictradial expansion of the membrane, such that only the end faces bulgeoutward. As shown in FIG. 16B, the microfluidic pump 1606 may contain aplurality of microfluidic channels 1607 disposed between interdigitatedelectrodes 1608, 1610. Vias 1612 allow for fluid communication betweenthe reservoir 1604 and the membrane 1602. When a voltage is appliedbetween the electrodes 1608, 1610 fluid flows from the reservoir to themembrane 1602. When the voltage is removed, forces, including elastic,electrowetting and electrophoresis restoring forces, exerted by themembrane 1602 push the fluid back to the reservoir 1604. Themicrofluidic pump 1606 and channels 1607 may alternatively include aplurality of pumps and channels that are configured to be actuatedindependently of each other (e.g., each pair of electrodes for eachchannel may be coupled to an individually controllable source ofvoltage). The pump 1606 and channels 1607 may be disposed on or near aperimeter of the fluidic lens aperture of the membrane 1602.

Many of the preceding embodiments describe the skeleton as beingexternal to the membrane or, in some cases, where a distorted, strainedor stretched elastic membrane provides restoring forces that act on thefluid. However, the invention is not limited to just these embodiments.It is also possible for a fluidic lens or optical device to have aninternal skeleton that provides the restoring forces. For example, FIG.17 depicts a fluidic optical device 1700 having a voluminous membrane1706. In this embodiment, the entire volume bounded (or partiallybounded) by the membrane 1702 may be both a reservoir and an aperture.Within the membrane 1706 is a polymer network of polymerized monomers1702. Spaces between the polymerized monomers 1702 form a network ofinterconnected reservoirs that can be distributed throughout an opticalaperture of the device 1700. At least a portion of these reservoirs arefilled with a fluid 1704. At least some of the polymerized monomers 1702can exert restoring forces on the membrane 1706. The polymerizedmonomers 1702 can act as a resilient internal skeleton. If the membrane1706, fluid 1704 and polymerized monomers 1702 are sufficientlytransparent and generally index matched in order reduce unwantedreflections and optical loss, the structure of the device 1700 is ananalogous to the structure of the lens in an eye. The device 1700 mayinclude an actuator, e.g., of any of the types described above, toprovide a displacing force to the fluid 1706. The device 1700 may beintegrated into any of the embodiments described above.

Fluidic optical devices, e.g., lenses, of the various types depictedabove may be advantageously produced in high volume using arrayedfabrication. FIGS. 18A-18D depict an example of an embodiment of sucharrayed fabrication. As shown in FIG. 18A an array 1800 of partiallyfabricated optical devices 1802 of any of the types described above isfabricated e.g., by injection molding. By way of example and withoutlimitation the devices 1802 may be fluidic lenslets. Although the term“lenslet” is often used herein to refer to a miniature lens, a in thecontext of FIGS. 18A-18D, the plural term “lenslets” is also used torefer to a matrix of miniature lenses, molded or formed onto a commonframe or base. The lenslets 1802 are connected by breakable bridges,tabs or similar connectors 1804. The connectors 1802 can be hollow, thusallowing lenslets 1802 in the array 1800 to be in fluid communicationwith one another. Consequently, the lenslets 1802 in the array 1800 canbe filled (or back-filled) with lens fluid using processes similar tothose used for filling arrays or liquid crystal displays.

As shown in FIG. 18B, an array 1810 of housings 1812 can be fabricated,e.g., by injection molding. Each housing 1812 is positioned within thearray 1812 such that it fits around a corresponding lenslet 1802 in thelenslet array 1800. Actuators (not shown) can be disposed in thehousings 1812. The housings 1812 are connected by breakable bridges,tabs or connectors 1814. The housing connectors 1814 can be hollow orhave U-shaped cross-section to allow the lenslet connectors 1804 to fitinside them. The housings 1812 may include slots that accommodate thelenslet connectors 1804 so that the lenslet array 1800 can nest withinthe housing array as shown in FIG. 18C.

After the lens and housing arrays are nested together the assembledfluidic lenses 1820 containing the lenslets 1802 and the housings 1812can be can be diced and sealed. For example, as depicted in FIG. 18D,the lenses 1820 can be separated by a hot knife or wheel 1822. The hotknife 1822 cuts the connectors 1804, 1814 and melts the ends 1824 thussealing each lens 1820. Alternatively, the assembled fluidic lenses 1820may be remain as an array and used as an array of optical devices withthe devices being arrayed along axes substantially perpendicular, or atother angles, to their optical axes. Many variations in the volumefabrication process can be implemented; e.g., the lenslets 1802 can befilled after the lens array has been nested in the housing array.

FIGS. 19A-19E depicts photographs of an example of a fluidic lensaccording to an embodiment of the present invention. The lens skeletonwas made from a rubber grommet. A groove in the outside of the grommetacts as a reservoir. Holes were drilled in the groove provide fluidcommunication with an aperture in the center of the grommet. The grommetwas filled with water and encapsulated in Saran Wrap as the membrane.

Furthermore, although much of the preceding discussion addresses fluidiclenses, those of skill in the art will recognize that the featuresdescribed herein can be applied to other optical devices such asvariable mirrors, variable prisms, variable diffractive optics, variableirises, variable optical phase delays and adaptive optics. For example,in any of the above embodiments, one of the optical surfaces, e.g., aninside or outside surface of the compliant membrane may be coated with areflective material such that the device is a variable mirror. Inaddition, embodiments of the present invention may include staticoptical components, e.g., lenses, diffraction gratings, reflectivesurfaces, optical filters, wave plates, holograms, optical wedges,prisms and the like incorporated within or in the proximity of a fluidicoptical device. Such components may be incorporated, e.g., into thesubstrate 702A of the device 700 depicted in FIGS. 7, 8A-8F and 9A-9C orthe base 1001 of the devices depicted in FIGS. 10A-10F. FIGS. 11A-11Cand FIG. 25.

For example, referring again to FIG. 7, if part of the elastic membrane706 is opaque, e.g., an annular region surrounding a central aperturetransparent region 708, the device 700 may act as a variable iris orf-stop in addition to its other optical functions. For example, as themembrane expands due to fluid pressure or force from the actuator, theannular region can likewise expand, thereby increasing the diameter ofthe transparent region 708, similar to a variable iris. The opaqueannular region may be disposed on the membrane 706 in a number of way;e.g., it may be printed or coated on or in the proximity of the membrane706. If the membrane 706 expands such that the thickness of the fluid704 between membrane 706 and substrate 702A changes when the distortingforce is applied to the reservoir, the device 700 may act as a variablephase delay. If the membrane 706 includes diffractive elements, e.g.,ruled lines or rings, formed on its, expansion of the membrane 706 canchange the diffractive properties of the device. Furthermore, if themembrane 706 includes, or is pre-formed with, regions of varyingthickness, such as a convex or concave lens surface, it can augment thefocal power (or, refractive power) of the device 700.

In alternative embodiments of the invention, it is possible to have astatic optical component incorporated into a fluidic optical device. Forexample, FIG. 26 depicts several different versions of multi-singletlens combinations based on the device illustrated and described abovewith respect to FIGS. 10A-10F, 11A-11C and 25. Each device generallyincludes a plunger assembly with a plunger ring 2602 and actuator ring2604, a flexible membrane 2606, a reservoir 2608 and one or more staticlenses. In FIG. 26A, the static lens 2610A is a plano-convex cylindricallens, in FIG. 26B, the static lens 2610B is a plano-concave lens. InFIG. 26C, the static lens 2610C is a plano-convex lens. In FIG. 26D, thestatic lens 2610D is a plano-amorphic wide-view lens. In 26E, the staticlens 2610E is a bi-convex or doublet lens. In 26F, the static lens 2610Fis a fresnel lens. Those of skill in the art will recognize that othertypes of lenses or optical elements may be used in lieu of thosedescribed with respect to this embodiment. Furthermore, fluidic lensesof the types shown in FIG. 26 may incorporate features of other lensdesigns depicted herein. For example, the plunger ring 2602 may includea depressor ring 2605 that fits within an inside diameter of thereservoir 2608 in a manner similar to that described above with respectto FIG. 21.

In many of the preceding embodiments, application of a force on thefluid to the reservoir resulted in a deformation of a membrane to form aconvex lens. However, embodiments of the invention are not limited bysuch a feature. Both convex and concave lens shapes may be obtained withembodiments of the present invention. For example, as depicted in FIG.27, an optical device 2700 may have a cylindrical reservoir/aperture2702 filled with fluid and covered by a membrane 2704. If there is a netpositive pressure on the membrane 2704, e.g., the pressure of the fluidwithin the reservoir/aperture 2702 exceeds the atmospheric, elasticpressure of the membrane itself or other pressure from outside themembrane, fluid displacement pushes the membrane 2704 outward shapingthe membrane into a convex lens. If there is a net negative pressure,e.g., the atmospheric/elastic pressure exceeds the fluid pressure, thefluid displacement “sucks” the membrane 2704 into a concave lens shape.The membrane may be in convex, planar or concave shape in the absence ofan actuating force depending on how the device is filled with fluid. Forexample the reservoir/aperture 2702 may be sufficiently filled withfluid and the membrane 2704 sufficiently taut that it is planar atatmospheric pressure. By withdrawing some fluid from theaperture/reservoir 2702 the membrane may assume a concave shape and byadding fluid to the reservoir the membrane may assume a convex shape.

A fluidic lens 2800 with bi-directional actuation as described above maybe constructed as depicted in FIG. 28. The lens may have the generalconstruction described above with respect to FIGS. 10A-10F, 11A-11C, 25or 26. Fluid is contained in a reservoir 2802 that is covered by amembrane 2804 and has a base 2808, which may be an optical flat, aconcave, convex, cylindrical or anamorphic lens element. A plunger 2806exerts pressure on the fluid through the membrane 2804. The membrane2804 can deform in either a convex or concave fashion depending onwhether a net positive or negative pressure is applied to the fluid inthe reservoir 2802.

FIG. 54 depicts an alternative design of a fluidic lens 5400 withbi-directional actuation. This lens design is similar to that depictedin FIG. 21. The lens 5400 includes deformable membrane 5402 between aplunger ring 5404 and shoulder ring 5406. The plunger ring 5404 includesalignment notches 5403 and a depressor ring 5405 that fits within aninside diameter of the shoulder ring 5406 and engages the membrane 5402.Fluid is contained between the membrane 5402, shoulder ring 5406 and abase plate 5410, which may be an optical flat, concave, convex,anamorphic or cylindrical lens that is static and does not deform. Themembrane 5402 allows for convex and concave deformation based on thepressure and fluid displacement imparted by the plunger ring 5404.

Additional embodiments of the present invention include fluidic deviceshaving dissimilar deformable optical surfaces. For example, FIGS.65A-65B depict a fluidic lens 6500 having dissimilar lens surfaces. Thelens 6500 generally includes a spool-shaped skeleton 6502. The skeleton6502 is disposed within an outer case 6503. A fluid reservoir 6508 isdefined between a flange 6501 of the skeleton, the outer case and aplunger 6505 having a plunger ring and a plunger tube. Flow holes 6504provide fluid communication between the reservoir 6508 and a centralaperture. Openings at either end of the skeleton 6502 are covered withdeformable membranes. A larger bi-directional membrane 6506A covers theend near the flange. A smaller bi-directional membrane 6506B covers theopposite end. The smaller membrane 6506B fits within the plunger 6505. Afluid fills the volume bounded by the membranes, outer case, skeletonand plunger. An actuator, e.g., a solenoid coil and magnet ring assemblycoupled to the plunger tube, moves the plunger ring causing a positiveor negative displacement of the fluid thereby causing the membranes toassume a convex, planar or concave shape.

FIG. 29A, FIG. 29B and FIG. 29C respectively illustrate planar, concaveand convex shapes for a fluidic lens 2900 of the type described above,e.g., with respect to FIGS. 1A-1B, 2A-2L and 24. In FIG. 29A, the lens2900 is in a planar rest state with no actuation force applied. In thiscase the fluidic lens 2900 is under negative pressure in the rest state,e.g. due to withdrawal of some fluid after an initial filling. Thefluidic lens 2900 shown in bi-concave state, shown for the sake ofexample. The lens 2900 has a negative focal length in the rest state. InFIG. 29B, the lens 2900 is in an intermediate state. A slight actuationforce (represented by arrows) is applied, e.g., by a peripheralconstriction. The optical surfaces of the lens are planar and parallel(plano-plano). In this state, the fluidic lens has a generally infinitefocal length. In FIG. 29C, the lens is in a state of maximum appliedactuation force. The greater actuation force applied causes the membraneto assume a bi-convex state in this example. As a result the fluidiclens has a positive focal length.

The previous embodiments can be utilized in order to help realize someof the design principles discussed above; specifically, minimizing thestrain induced in the membrane while maximizing the resulting range infocal power for the fluidic lens. In such an embodiment, the maximumvolume of fluid that can be displaced is a generally fixed value. Thefluidic lens is fabricated such that with no actuation force applied(and, hence, no displacement of fluid) the membrane is concave andthereby contributes negative focal power to the fluidic lens. With theapplication of a medium actuation force corresponding to a displacementof a volume of fluid approximately equal to half of the maximum fluiddisplacement, the membrane generally flattens out and therebycontributes generally zero focal power to the fluidic lens. When themaximum actuation force is applied (resulting in the maximumdisplacement of fluid) the membrane is concave and thereby contributespositive focal power to the fluidic lens. In this fashion, the maximumvolume of fluid that can be displaced is fully utilized in order torealize a large range of focal power. Likewise, by causing the sign ofthe strain on the membrane to alternate as the membrane moves betweenthe concave and convex states, the maximum absolute value of strain thatis induced on the membrane is reduced. As described above, static lensescan be used in conjunction with the fluidic lens and can be used inorder to add or subtract a static amount of focal power to or from thefluidic lens.

Furthermore, although in embodiments described above the membranedeforms in such a way as to provide a single focus it is possible toconfigure fluidic lenses as multiple focus, e.g., bi-focal or tri-focallenses. For example, FIG. 30A depicts an example of a bi-focal fluidiclens 3000. The lens 3000 includes a central fluidic membrane 3002 and anouter fluidic membrane 3004 in the form of an annular sheet thatsurrounds the central membrane 3002. The inner and outer membranes arerespectively part of inner ring and outer ring optics. The two membranesare sufficiently mechanically decoupled from each other to such a degreethat they deform in a manner that provides different focal propertiesfor light entering the inner and outer ring optics. The mechanicaldecoupling of the membranes may be accomplished by a stiffening ringthat acts as a physical boundary to separate a single membrane in to theinner and outer sections.

FIG. 30B depicts a tri-focal fluidic lens 3010 having central 3012,middle 3014 and outer 3016 fluidic membranes that respectively are partof central, middle and outer ring optics. The three membranes 3012,3014, 3016 are sufficiently mechanically decoupled from each other thatthey deform in a manner that provides different focal properties forlight entering their respective regions.

Variations on the concepts described above with respect to FIG. 30 andFIG. 30B may be used to address optical aberrations. Many opticalsystems are limited in their performance by optical aberrations. Theseaberrations can be compensated by the addition of an optical elementthat provides the exact opposite aberrations as the system induces. Thistechnique has been applied successfully for many different opticalsystems in several different ways. Sometimes this compensation can beapplied with a static optic if the aberrations do not vary with time.One example is a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope which uses a staticrefractive plate at the front surface of the telescope to compensate forthe spherical aberration induced by the spherical telescope primarymirror.

When the aberrations vary with time, an active control technique calledadaptive optics can be applied. In adaptive optics, a sensor like aShack-Hartmann wavefront sensor or an interferometer measures theaberrations and an adjustable optic like a deformable mirror or liquidcrystal spatial phase modulator to compensate the aberrations. A simpleversion of this system is in every compact disk (CD) player. In such asystem, a sensor is used to determine the focus of the beam reflectedfrom the CD and an electromagnetic actuator is used to move the positionof a lens to compensate for the focus. More complex versions exist atalmost every large astronomical observatory to compensate for theaberrations induced by the atmosphere.

Unfortunately, the complexity and cost increase between the adaptiveoptics system in a commercial product such as a CD player and that usedin an astronomical observatory is substantial. Typical CD players sellfor less than $30 today. Complex adaptive optics systems inobservatories are often more than $10 million. It is this cost that hasprohibited the introduction of adaptive optics into lower end opticalsystems like lasers and microscopes. A substantial portion of this costis the deformable mirror. Embodiments of the present invention allow fora low-cost alternative to the deformable mirror using fluidic optics.Fluidic optics can be tailored to produce the higher-order aberrationcompensation.

For example, in alternative embodiments of the invention, the elasticityand other mechanical and physical properties of the membrane canspatially vary over any portion of its surface, including but notlimited to portions disposed in or near the clear optical aperture. Forexample, FIGS. 66A-66B depict a fluidic lens 6600 having a lens skeleton6602 and a variable elasticity membrane 6604. A volume bounded by theskeleton 6602 and the membrane 6604 is filled with a fluid 6606. Anelasticity of the membrane 6604 varies spatially over its surface. Asshown in FIG. 66B, due to the variable elasticity, the membrane 6604deforms under an actuation force in a way that allows for control of theshape of wavefronts of radiation refracted (or reflected) by themembrane 6604 and fluid 6606. The fluidic lens 6600 can performspherical, aspheric, parabolic, high-order aberration, or other opticalfunctions for the purpose of controlling or modifying the phase,amplitude and frequency of light transmitted through the lens.

There are a number of different approaches to giving the membrane avariable elasticity. For example as depicted in FIG. 66C, thecomposition of a membrane material 6610 may be changed during formationvia the incorporation of a dopant 6612 that stiffens the membranematerial 6610. The stiffening may be patterned by implanting the dopantthrough openings in a mask 6614 as the membrane material is held in amold 6616. Regions of doped membrane material 6618 are stiffened as aresult of the doping. This assumes that the membrane is cast from aliquid into a solid and that a dopant can be added either during theformation of the membrane or implanted into the cast membrane.

Alternatively, as depicted in FIG. 66D, the membrane material 6610 maybe selectively stiffened by changing its crosslink density. For example,if the membrane material 6610 is UV curable, it may be exposed to aspatially modulated intensity of UV radiation as the membrane materialis held in a mold 6616. In the example depicted in FIG. 66D, the spatialintensity of UV radiation is varied through the use of a mask disposedbetween the membrane material 6610 and the source of UV radiation.Regions 6618 that are exposed to the UV radiation are stiffened as aresult.

Alternatively, as depicted in FIG. 66E, the membrane material 6610 maybe selectively stiffened by deposition of a stiffer second material 6615on the membrane 6610 after the membrane has been formed. The stiffermaterial 6615 might be deposited through a mask 6614 as shown in FIG.66E or can be patterned lithographically.

In addition, as depicted in FIG. 66F, the membrane may be stiffened byincorporation of a second material 6617 into the membrane material 6610during casting. This assumes that the membrane is cast from a liquidinto a solid and that a second material can be incorporated into themembrane material 6610 during the casting, possibly by just casting themembrane over the top of the material. Of course, the material should beof very similar refractive index so that it disappears in the membrane.The second material 6617 e.g., fiberglass, might be cast from a liquidas well onto the mold or might be formed elsewhere and placed onto themold.

Other approaches to variable elasticity membranes include selectiveconstraint of the membrane. For example, FIGS. 66G-66H depict a fluidiclens 6620 having a skeleton 6622 and membrane 6624 that enclose a fluid6626 and define a clear optical aperture. Portions of the membrane 6624can be constrained including but not limited to portions disposed in ornear the clear optical aperture. This can be achieved by fixing selectedportions of the membrane 6624 to the lens skeleton 6622 or other rigidstructure or a structure that can be actuated. Upon application of anactuation force, the membrane deforms in a patter that depends on thepattern of constraint, as depicted in FIG. 66H.

An alternative approach to variable elasticity membranes is to vary themembrane thickness. For example, FIGS. 66I-66J depict a fluidic lens6630 having a skeleton 6632 and membrane 6634 that enclose a fluid 6636and define a clear optical aperture. The membrane 6634 has a variablethickness. The thickness of the membrane 6634 can spatially vary overany portion of its surface, including but not limited to portionsdisposed in or near the clear optical aperture. Generally speaking, thethicker portions are less elastic than the thinner portions. Thus, themembrane 6634 deforms non-uniformly when an actuation force is appliedas shown in FIG. 66J. There are a number of different approaches tovarying the thickness of the membrane 6634. For example, the membrane6634 may simply be molded with a variable thickness using a variabledepth mold. Alternatively, a combination of lithography and binaryoptics may be used to from a variable thickness membrane as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,895,790 to W. Weldkamp, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference. The membrane may alternatively bebuild up as is done in formation of binary optics. A combination ofgray-scale lithography and etching (e.g., in an O₂ plasma) may also beused to make a variable thickness membrane. Furthermore, membranematerial may be sprayed through a mask with very fine holes of varyingpitch (duty cycle) to form the desired variable thickness pattern.

Yet another possibility for providing a variable elasticity fluidic lensis to combine an elastic membrane with a patterned overlay. For example,FIGS. 66K-66M illustrate an example of a fluidic lens 6640 having askeleton 6642 and membrane 6644 that enclose a fluid 6646. A patternedoverlay 6648 is disposed proximate the membrane 6644 with the membranebeing between the fluid 6646 and the overlay 6648. Openings 6649 in theoverlay 6648 allow portions of the membrane 6644 to expand when anactuation force is applied. However, as shown in FIG. 66M, the solidportions of the overlay 6648 constrain other portions of the membrane6644 thereby producing a desired deformation pattern.

There are a number of mechanical actuation schemes for fluidic devicesof the types described above. One particular scheme, amongst others,uses a lead screw mechanism to provide the actuation force. FIGS.67A-67B illustrate two different possible constructions for suchdevices. The device 6700 of FIG. 67A uses an externally threaded leadscrew 6702, an outer ring 6704, an inner ring 6708 and a round blank6710. A flexible membrane 6706 is disposed between the inner and outerrings. The inner ring 6708 may be similar or identical in structure tothe inner ring 1152A of FIGS. 11B-11D. The inner ring 6708 may be madeof materials including ABS plastic, silicone, metal and glass. The outerring 6704 may be made of materials including metal and a plastic, e.g.,in the acetal family, such as Delrin. A fluid is enclosed by themembrane 6706 inner ring 6708 and round blank 6710. The round blank 6710may be at least partially transparent to light transmitted through thefluidic lens. Round blank 6710 may be made of materials including glass,plastic and PDMS. Round blank 6710 may additionally include opticalcoatings or dopants which serve to modify the reflection, absorptionand/or transmission properties of the fluidic lens at specificwavelengths of light. By way of example, round blank 6710 may be made ofBK-7 glass and may include one or more of an anti-reflection coating inthe visible spectrum (e.g., from wavelengths of about 450 nm to 650 nm,and a high-reflection coating in the infrared spectrum (e.g., atwavelengths greater than about 670 nm), Round blank 6710 may besubstantially flat on both sides (e.g., “plano-plano) or may includenonplanar surfaces and elements that serve to modify the light beingtransmitted through the fluidic lens such as concave, convex, sphericaland/or aspheric surfaces, gratings, fresnel patterns and/or achromats.In some embodiments, the inner ring 6708 and the round blank 6710 may beintegrally formed as a single piece. Projections 6712 on the outer ring6704 mate with corresponding slots 6716 on the lead screw 6702. Theouter ring may also include slots 6718 on its outer side. The lead screw6702, outer ring 6704 membrane 6706, inner ring 6708 and round blank6710 may fit within a recess in a base plate 6800 illustrated in FIG.68D.

As shown in FIG. 68A, an internally threaded spur gear lead screw 6719engages external threads on the externally threaded lead screw 6702. Theinternally threaded lead screw 6719 fits within a stepped recess 6804that is coaxial with the recess 6802. A retainer 6806 shown in FIG. 68Cfits within a slot in the base plate 6800 and retains the fluidic lens6700 and lead screw 6719 within their respective recesses. Through aslot 6810 a spur 6808 of the retainer 6806 can engage the slots 6718.The engagement of the spur 6808 and slots 6718 prevents the outer ring6704 from rotating about its central axis. The engagement of theprojections 6712 on the outer ring 6704 and the slots 6716 on theexternally threaded lead screw 6702 similarly constrain the lead screw6702. Thus, as the internally threaded lead screw 6719 rotates, e.g.,under motion imparted by another spur gear or rack mechanism, the leadscrew 6702 may be made to apply pressure to the fluid via squeezing ofone or more of the outer ring 6704 the inner ring 6708 and/or themembrane 6706.

FIG. 67B illustrates a fluidic lens 6720 that is a variation on thefluidic lens 6700. The lens 6720 includes lead screw 6722 membrane 6724,a double-rim frame 6726 and a round blank 6728. Projections 6730 on thelead screw 6722 engage slots 6732 on the frame 6726. The lead screw6722, membrane 6724, frame 6726 and blank 6728 fit within the recess6802 of the baseplate 6800. The spur 6808 on the retainer 6806 restrainsthe frame 6726 from rotating about its axis by engagement with one ofthe slots 6732. As shown in FIG. 68B, turning of the spur gear leadscrew 6719 engages external threads on the lead screw 6722 to applypressure to the membrane 6724. The compression of the membrane 6726forces fluid from an annular reservoir 6734 through holes 6736 into anaperture 6738 to deform the membrane 6724.

Although many of the mechanical actuation schemes for the fluidic lensdesigns described above are practical, more compact actuators aredesirable to deflect the surface of the fluid reservoir used in afluidic lens optical system as described herein. Such actuators may alsobe used to transport a coaxially mounted standard lens or any other suchobject. In a preferred embodiment depicted in FIG. 69A a fluidic lens6900 may include an inventive actuator 6902 that surrounds an annularpiston 6904 used to deflect a compliant membrane bounding one surface ofa fluid reservoir. The annular piston 6904 may be similar or identicalin form to the externally-threaded lead screws 6702, 6722 shown in FIGS.67A-67B. For purposes of illustration, the actuator 6902 is shown in theform of a cylinder with a somewhat exaggerated wavy surface. Thewaviness is intended to suggest the presence of a surface vibrationdeflecting the surface of an otherwise circular cylinder. The deflectionmay be approximated by a controlled frequency and amplitude sinusoidalwave propagating around the circumference of the cylinder.

As an example, FIG. 69A shows the annular piston 6904 with a helicalthread-like feature on its outer surface. Another suitable arrangementconsists of an array of nearly axially oriented ridges evenlydistributed on the piston's outer surface. Alternatively, the internalsurface of the actuator cylinder may have similar features. The commoncharacteristic of these and other possible surface configurations is theproduction of peripheral drag forces with out-of-plane orientation.Since the piston is constrained by guiding features (e.g., slots 6906that engage guide pins) to move only axially, the tangential forcecomponents are cancelled by guide pin reaction forces, while the axialcomponents result in useful movement.

The wave-like deflection of the actuator can be excited by building intothe actuator cylinder 6902 a segmented piezoelectric ceramic structure.This structure may follow the example of certain existing ultrasonicmotor designs wherein patterned electrodes are provided. By electricallystimulating each of the piezoelectric segments in suitably phasedrelationship to each other, it is possible to excite a resonant ornearly resonant vibrational wave as described above. It is envisionedthat the electrical interface to the actuator 6902 would be supplied bycompliant or low mass conductors which would not provide an excessiveparasitic load to the actuator 6902, but would restrain it from counterrotating. It is also envisioned that the portion of the piston 6904 incontact with the actuator 6902 would include elastic links with the restof the piston 6904 such that the mechanical interface between the twofinds itself under a static preload. This would assist with bothoperation as well assembly of the system.

Although a threaded piston is depicted in FIG. 69, the interface betweenthe piston 6904 and the actuator 6902 need not have threads per se.Projections on the actuator 6902 or piston 6904 that lack mirrorsymmetry are sufficient. A thread on either the actuator 6902 or thepiston 6904 obviously meets that requirement, but not uniquely so. Inorder for a circumferential surface wave in the actuator 6902 to inducean axial translation in the piston 6904, it is necessary that the latterbe endowed with either a uniform or average helicity (or handedness).One way to embody that is by way of inclined ridges or corrugations. Asurface wave first meets a ridge either near the top surface or near thebottom of the piston 6904, depending on the wave propagation direction.Axial motion of the piston 6904 may be thought of as the effect of theridges “surfing” on the actuator waves.

In operation, one or more nearly degenerate vibrational modes would beexcited in the actuator cylinder 6902. Each mode has several peaks andvalleys where the surface shape departs from the static cylinder shape.Degenerate modes have the same number of peaks and valleys but differ intheir location along the circumference. To excite such modes, it isnecessary to have independent mechanical drivers distributed along thecircumference of the actuator cylinder 6902. One way to accomplish thatis to have a thin-walled metallic cylinder on which substantiallyrectangular, slightly curved piezoelectric “patches” 6908 are glued. Themetal cylinder would be at ground potential and electrically contact oneside of each piezo “patch”. The metal cylinder would also serve thefunction of bearing the mechanical oscillations. The other side of eachpatch would be contacted by compliant or light weight flexibleconductors to supply the addressable signal from an oscillator unit6910. The inside of the cylinder 6902 would thus mechanically contactthe outside surface of the piston 6904. As mentioned above, there wouldhave to be an elastic pre-load or compression between the two surfaces,which means no clearance. In order to assemble such a device, the piston6904 would have to have sufficient elasticity to temporarily compressits circumference while inserting into the actuator cylinder.

It's useful to realize that the configuration of a piezoelectric “patch”bonded to a passive elastic member forms a classical actuator formcalled generically a bender of more specifically (for piezos) aunimorph. Here are a couple more ways of forming actuators of the typedescribed above:

Start with a finished piezoelectric cylindrical shell. Place a mandrel(or core) made of a reducing material (such as graphite) inside and inintimate contact with the shell. Place the structure in an anneal ovenand treat at high temperature (near 1000° C.) to cause an inside layerof the piezo material to become reduced (conductive andpiezoelectrically inert). This method was previously invented by GeneHaertling of Clemson University to create the so called “Rainbow”wafers. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,721, which isincorporated herein by reference. The outside of the “rainbowed”cylinder could have a thin film electrode patterned eitherphoto-lithographically or a thick film electrode by screen printing andfiring a conductive paste.

Alternatively, one may start by coating a suitable elastic metal sleevewith piezoelectric green ceramic paste. Such a sleeve may have to bemade of or coated with a precious metal such as platinum to withstandpiezo firing temperatures. The green paste may itself be coated with apre-patterned fireable electrode. Alternatively, the electrodes may beformed after the ceramic is formed by methods outlined earlier.

Methods, that include a metallic cylinder are probably more favorablesince a metallic cylinder would better withstand tensile stressedimposed by preloading an elastic member in its interior. On the otherhand, the entire configuration could be turned inside-out, thus forminganother embodiment. In an example of this embodiment, depicted in FIG.69B, the piston 6914 takes the form of a cup with cylindrical surfacescompressing a cylindrical actuator 6912 coaxially located inside the cup6914. Piezoelectric patches 6916 are located on the inside of thecylindrical actuator 6912. In this configuration, the actuating cylinder6912 finds itself preloaded with a compressive stress, which is morecompatible with a ceramic cylinder. One could then use a “rainbowed”ceramic cylinder as described above, although it would be modified byreducing its external surface and patterning its interior electrodes. Byway of example, the external wall of the actuator 6912 includesprojections 6918 that lack mirror symmetry, e.g., threads that contactthe inner wall of the piston 6914. Alternatively, projections on theinternal wall of the piston 6914 may contact an outer wall of theactuator 6912.

It is often desirable to provide a “self-locking” actuation to a fluidiclens of the types described herein. Such a self-locking feature wouldprevent unwanted counter movement of the actuator once a desiredactuating force and membrane curvature have been achieved. According toan alternative embodiment of the invention, depicted, e.g., in FIGS.70A-70C, a fluidic optical device 7000 may include a self-lockingactuator that uses a solenoid, 7002, a magnetic worm gear nut 7006 andworm gear lead screw 7010 in place of the spur gear lead screw 6719.

The worm gear lead screw has external threads and internal threads. Theinternal threads engage an externally threaded depressor ring lead screw7014 similar to the lead screw 6922 described above. The depressor ringlead screw 7014 is part of a fluidic optical device 7016, which may haveconstruction similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 67A orFIG. 67B. The magnetic worm gear nut 7006 is internally threaded withthreads that mate to the external threads on the worm lead screw 7010.One or more solenoid coils 7002 and a solenoid core 7004 may be used toapply linear thrust to the magnetic nut. The coils 7002 are coaxial withthe magnetic worm gear nut 7006. The coils 7002, core 7004, sleeve 7008and worm gear lead screw 7010 are mounted to a base 7012. A retainer7011 holds the lead screw 7010 while allowing it to turn freely aboutits axis.

When sufficient electric current is supplied to the coils 7002, e.g.,through leads 7005, the nut is driven linear along the common axis ofthe magnetic nut 7006, worm gear lead screw 7010 and depressor ring leadscrew 7014. Engagement between the internal threads on the worm gear nut7006 and the worm gear lead screw 7010 causes the worm gear 7010 torotate. The pitch of the worm gear nut 7006 should be sufficiently sothat the actuation force supplied by the solenoids 7002 can provide therequired rotation. As the worm gear 7010 rotates its internal threadsengage the external threads on the depressor ring lead screw 7014causing the depressor ring lead screw 7014 to rotate and actuate thefluidic lens 7016. The magnetic nut 7006 fits inside a sleeve housing7008. The sleeve housing 7008 includes internal slots that engage theworm gear nut 7006 and prevent it from rotating while allowing it tomove linearly. Due to the conversion of thrust-to-rotation-to-thrust,the fluidic optical device 7000 can be self-locking.

The concepts described above may also be applied to actuation of fluidicoptical devices having two deformable optical surfaces. For example,FIG. 71A depicts a dual membrane fluidic lens device 7100 according toan embodiment of the present invention. In the device 7100, the abovefluid lens device design (e.g., “single rim” FIG. 54 or 67A) is adaptedwith two elastic membranes and two depressor ring lead screws (i.e., thefluidic lens can now vary from double-convex to double-concave). Forexample FIGS. 71A-71F illustrate an example of a dual membrane fluidiclens device 7100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.The device 7100 includes a cylindrical dual-membrane outer rim 7102 thatseparates two membranes 7104A, 7104B and provides a fluid reservoir andoptical aperture. An actuating force applied to an upper ring 7106A anda lower ring 7106B squeezes fluid contained between the membranes 7104A,7104B and outer rim 7102. The upper ring 7106A and lower ring 7106B maybe similar or identical in form to the inner ring 6708 of FIG. 67A. Inthe example depicted in FIGS. 71A-71F, the actuating forces on the upperring 7106A and lower ring 7106B are respectively applied by upper andlower depressor ring lead screws 7108A, 7108B. The depressor ring leadscrews 7108A, 7108B may be similar or identical in form to theexternally-threaded lead screws 6702, 6722 shown in FIGS. 67A-67B. Theouter rim 7102, rings 7106A, 7106B, and depressor ring lead screws7108A, 7108B may all have cylindrical symmetry with respect to anoptical axis z. A rigid baseplate 7110 is attached to a side wall of thedual membrane outer rim 7102. An optional rigid transparent chamberseparator 7112 can be placed within the outer rim 7102 to separate theinterior of the outer rim 7102 into an upper lens section 7113A and alower lens section 7113B. In this fashion, the transparent chamberseparator 7112 can serve to isolate the pressure in the upper lenssection 7113A and lower lens section 7113B from each other. Suchisolation of pressure between lens sections can allow greaterindependent control of the two lens sections. For example, the depressorring lead screws 7108A, 7108B can be geared differently, or the innerdiameters of the depressor ring lead screws 7108A, 7108B can havedifferent sizes or shapes, in order to get a “best shape” lens.Alternatively, the transparent chamber separator 7112 can be perforatedwith flow holes in order to allow limited fluid flow between the upperlens section 7113A and lower lens section 7113B. Such limited flowbetween lens sections may be useful in certain applications where thefluidic lens may be subject to undesirable forces such as gravity oracceleration that may tend to cause unwanted fluid flow thereby andunwanted distortions in the shape and optical properties of the fluidiclens.

One depressor ring lead screw (e.g., the upper lead screw 7108A) has aright-hand (RH) thread and the other (e.g., the lower lead screw 7108B)has a left-hand (LH) thread. As shown in FIG. 71B, a single internallythreaded lead screw 7114 has an upper section 7115A with an internal RHthreaded section 7116A and a lower section 7115B with an internal LHthreaded section 7116B. The RH internal threaded section 7116A engagesexternal RH threads on the upper depressor ring lead screw 7108A. The LHinternal threaded section 7116B engages the external LH threads on thelower depressor ring lead screw 7108B. Both depressor ring lead screws7108A, 7108B are restrained from rotating as the internally threadedlead screw rotates 7114.

As shown in FIG. 71C, due to the opposite threads of the upper and lowersections 7115A, 7115B of the internally threaded lead screw andcorresponding external threads on the depressor ring lead screws 7108A,7108B, the internally threaded lead screw 7114 can simultaneously driveboth depressor ring lead screws 7108A, 7108B in opposing directions.

As shown in FIG. 71E, the upper and lower membranes 7104A, 7104B distortas a result of thrust forces exerted on them (and the enclosed fluid7103) by the upper and lower depressor ring lead screws 7108A, 7108B. Byrotating the RH/LH internally threaded lead screw, both depressor ringlead screws can apply thrust to their respective membranes, therebyincreasing range of focal power of the fluidic lens. Changes incurvature of the membranes 7104A, 7104B can be controlled further byvarying the internal diameter of depressor rings 7108A, 7108B, the angleof the threads on the depressor rings 7108A, 7108B and internallythreaded lead screw 7114, and the addition of the separator plate 7112.

The internally threaded lead screw 7114 may have slots 7118 cut out ofits sidewall as shown in FIG. 71D. Corresponding annular segmented slots7120 cut from the baseplate 7110 as shown in FIG. 71F. The slots 7118,7120 allow the lead screw 7114 to straddle baseplate 7110 and rotate.Remaining segmented annular sections 7122 are not removed from sidewallof lead screw 7114. The remaining sections 7122 connect the uppersection 7115A to the lower section 7115B of lead screw 7114 to eachother. A flange 7124 that engages a corresponding counter-stepped shelf7126 on the baseplate 7110. The flange 7124, shelf 7126 and aring-shaped flange retainer 7128 allow the lead screw 7114 to rotatewhile restricting its axial movement. Either the baseplate 7110 or thelead screw 7114 may be made in two separate pieces in order tofacilitate assembly. Alternatively, the baseplate 7110 and lead screw7114 may be assembled as interlocked single-piece components, e.g.,using stereolithography.

The dual depressor ring design of the device 7100 can increase theefficiency of actuation motion compared to a single compressor ringdesign. The device 7100 allows roughly a factor of 2× increase indiopter range for the same actuation stroke as single-membrane design.In alternative embodiments, changes in curvature of the membranes 7104A,7104B can be controlled quasi-independently from each other, e.g., byusing two separate internal threaded lead screws in place of the singlelead screw 7114. Counter-rotation can also be applied to other actuationmethods (e.g., piezo motor, etc).

In embodiments of the present invention it is possible for the apertureand the reservoir to be different yet integral portions of the samefluid-filled volume. For example, FIGS. 72A-72C illustrate an embodimentof a fluidic lens 7200 having a transparent resilient membrane 7202 anda base 7204. The base 7204 may include an opening that can be sealedusing a transparent puck or lens element 7206. The resilient membrane7202 curves to provide a lens surface 7208. A volume enclosed betweenthe membrane 7202, base 7204 and puck 7206 is filled with a fluid 7210.A bi-metallic interface 7212 having one or more bimetallic strips isplaced within the enclosed volume. As shown in FIG. 72C, the bi-metallicinterface 7212 may have a spider-like shape, with multiple legs 7214extending from an annular ring 7216. An opening 7217 in the ring 7216may define an optical aperture for the lens 7200. The legs 7214 may bebent back underneath the ring 7216 as shown in FIGS. 72A-72B. Each leg7214 may have a slot 7218 to accommodate a slide rivet 7220 that isattached to the base 7204. The rivets 7220 hold the bi-metal legs 7214down, so they can slide when the voltage is applied and they try tobend. As shown in FIG. 72B, flexing of the bimetallic interface causesthe resilient membrane 7202 to stretch and the fluidic lens 7200 todeform as the fluid 7210 is drawn away under the resilient membrane 7202and the lens surface 7208 is drawn towards a central aperture region7224 bounded by the dashed line. The fluid-filled region 7226 of thefluid outside the aperture region 7224 may be regarded as the reservoir.Un-bending the bi-metallic interface 7212 can cause the lens surface7208 to return to the shape indicated in FIG. 72A. Note that at someintermediate degree of bending, the bimetallic interface 7212 can drawthe lens surface 7208 (or a portion thereof) into a substantially flatconfiguration.

Other embodiments of the present invention may utilize a fluidic lenshaving a structure referred to herein as a liquid pill. The liquid pillis an example of a fluidic optical device wherein the aperture andreservoir are fully integrated with each other. As shown in FIG. 73, thestructure of the liquid pill is very simple. A liquid pill lens 7300includes a cavity formed by a perforated spacer 7302 and two membranes7304A, 7304B. The spacer 7302 may be similar or identical in form to theinner ring 6708 of FIG. 67A. An interior volume 7301 enclosed betweenthe spacer 7302 and upper and lower membranes 7304A, 7304B is filledwith a fluid having convenient optical, mechanical and chemicalproperties. Although in the example depicted in FIG. 73 the interiorvolume 7301 is shaped as a circular cylinder, the outer boundary maytake various shapes such as circular, square, rectangular or odd. Theliquid pill lens 7300 may be mechanically actuated using a mechanismsimilar to that described above. For example, a circular rim 7306protruding from a passive retainer 7308 (shown near the bottom of FIG.73) may contact the lower compliant membrane 7304B. Another circular rim7310 protrudes from an actuated top ring 7312 (shown just above thecenter of FIG. 73A) to contact the upper compliant membrane 7304A. Theactuated to ring 7312 may be similar or identical in form to theexternally-threaded lead screws 6702, 6722 shown in FIGS. 67A-67B.

The operation of the liquid pill lens 7300 is readily understood fromFIG. 73. The top ring 7312 may be lowered or raised at will by anysuitable actuator. By way of example, the top ring may include anexternal thread. The actuator may include a lead screw 7314 that havingan internal thread 7316 that engages the external thread on the top ring7312. The lead screw 7314 is coupled to a rotating motor—not shown. Thecircular rims 7306,7310 press against the membranes 7304A, 7304Brespectively. The circular rims 7306, 7310 divide the fluid-filledinterior volume 7301 into reservoir and aperture portions as they engagethe two membranes 7304A, 7304B. The squeezing action of the retainer7308 and top ring 7312 causes an aperture portion of both membranes7304A, 7304B within the circular rims 7306,7310 to bulge outward, thuscontrolling the refractive power of the liquid pill lens 7300.

Fabrication of the liquid pill lens 7300 can follow well-knownindustrial methods. By way of example, the following sequence may beused. As shown in FIG. 74, a perforated plastic spacer sheet 7402 and abottom transparent plastic membrane 7404A are laminated using one ormore of the following techniques: thermal, ultrasonic, adhesive orsolvent welding. An automated precision dispensing system, meters aprecisely known quantity of fluid in each well formed by a perforation7406 of the spacer sheet 7402 and the bottom membrane 7404A. The fluidamount is determined by the desired shape of the liquid pill in therelaxed state (ranging from flat to concave membranes). A top membrane7404B is vacuum laminated onto the spacer sheet 7402. Vacuum laminationand similar methods are employed in the food industry to eliminate airfrom packages. This step would typically involve first sealing the edgesof the upper membrane 7404B on all sides except for a vacuum passage onone side. Once the air has been evacuated, thermal, ultrasonic orthermosonic welding action can be applied onto the interstitial areas(between perforations 7406). The result is a finished liquid pill sheet7400 containing multiple liquid pill structures. A singulation processseparates the finished sheet 7400 into individual liquid pill lenses.The singulation process may separate the finished sheet 7400 intorectangular die as indicated by the straight dashed lines or intocircular liquid pills as indicated by the dashed circles. This may bedone by mechanical shearing, steel rule die cutting, laser cutting, etc.The cutting tool width should produce a narrow enough kerf (or materialloss) to leave enough material for adequate bonding and sealing of themembranes in individual Liquid Pills.

In the design of the perforated sheet 7402, sufficient space may beallocated between perforations 7406 to allow for: (a) adequate membranebonding area, (b) some clearance between the welding head and the edgeof the perforation to prevent forceful evaporation of the filling fluid,and (c) space for cuts separating individual Liquid Pills (see nextstep).

As mentioned above, the shape of the liquid pills may be other thancircular. This would create additional spacer area, which could be usedfor locating features such as registration pins and anti-rotation keys.

Additional variations on the embodiments depicted herein include:

-   1. Fluidic optical devices wherein one or more of the skeleton,    membrane, reservoir and aperture are symmetric with respect to an    axis parallel to a plane of the membrane, whereby the device is a    fluidic cylindrical or anamorphic lens having variable focal length.    FIG. 31 depicts an example of such a lens 3100. The lens 3100    includes a square or rectangular plunger housing 3102, a square or    rectangular lens membrane housing 3104 a flexible liquid lens union    and flexible membrane 3106 and a square or rectangular base housing    3108 for both lens elements and a liquid reservoir. A clear fill    plate or optic 3110 may serve to enclose the fluid within the base    housing 3112. Except for the rectangular shape of the housings, the    construction of the lens 3100 may be similar to that depicted above    with respect to FIGS. 10A-10F, 11A-11C, 25, 26 and 28. The    rectangular shape of the housings allows the membrane 3106 to deform    as a cylindrical or anamorphic lens.

Two or more lenses of the type shown in FIG. 31 may be combined togetherin an anamorphic aspect ratio lens for use, e.g., in a professional filmor video camera. For example, FIG. 32 illustrates an example of aprofessional lens 3200. The lens 3200 generally includes two or moreanamorphic fluidic lens elements 3202A, 3202B 3202C of the type depictedin FIG. 31 mounted within a housing 3204. A rear end of the housing mayinclude a bayonet or “C” mount lens base to allow attachment of the lens3200 to a compatible professional film or video camera housing 3205. Afront end of the housing may include a matte plate, dust or static outerlens that prepares light for transformation by the fluidic lenses 3202A,3202B 3202C. A matte box 3206 may be used for lens flair control. Thethree anamorphic lenses may include a focusing lens 3202A mounted nearthe rear end of the housing and a main lens 3202B mounted closer to thefront end of the housing 3204. An anamorphic fluid zoom or telephotolens element 3202C may be mounted within the housing between thefocusing lens 3202B and main lens 3202B.

Cylindrical, astigmatic or anamorphic lenses of the type shown in FIG.31 may also be used in conjunction with a projector 5500, e.g., asdepicted in FIG. 55. The projector 5500 may be a common xenon bulbtheater projector in which light is projected through film 5501 thatpasses in front of a projector lens 5502 as it travels from a feedplatter or reel to a take-up platter or reel. Heat from the projectorbulb may be exhausted through a conduit 5505 using an exhaust fan. Afluidic cylindrical, astigmatic or anamorphic lens 5504 is opticallycoupled in front of the standard projector lens 5502. The aspect rationof the fluidic lens 5504 can be controlled by a digital signal inputlead 5506 carrying signals that are in sync with the film 5501's aspectration. can project images in Cinemascope, Panavision, all three digitalaspect ratios, standard ratios such as 16:9, and 4:3:3 so that allpreviews and films are run at the correct aspect ratio without having tochange lenses or projectors.

-   2. Fluidic optical devices wherein one or more of the skeleton,    membrane, reservoir and aperture are symmetric with respect to an    axis parallel to a plane of the membrane, whereby the device is a    fluidic cylindrical lens having a variable cylindrical-lens focal    length, whereby the device is a fluidic astigmatic lens having one    or more variable astigmatic-lens focal lengths, and whereby the    device is a fluidic prism having a variable prism apex angle.-   3. Fluidic optical devices wherein each can include a plurality of    actuators. FIGS. 2D-2F and FIG. 23 illustrate a few examples of many    possible configurations of devices with multiple actuators. Each    actuator may be capable of being actuated independently or the    actuators may be actuated in unison with one another. Furthermore    the actuators may be capable of continuous actuation wherein optical    performance of device (e.g., focal length, prism apex angle, etc)    can be continuously controlled between a first state and a second    state.

Alternatively, the actuators may be capable of discrete actuationwherein optical performance of device (e.g., focal length, prism apexangle, etc) can be controlled in a number of discrete steps between afirst state and a second state.

-   4. A digitally addressable fluidic optical device including a number    N actuators, wherein the N actuators are capable of being    independently actuated, wherein the value of the maximum change in    focal power (or the volume of fluid that can be displaced, actuation    stroke or other parameters corresponding to the actuators) of each    actuator utilizes binary weighting with respect to at least one    other of the N actuators, wherein the device is capable of being    selectively activated in a number 2^(N) states, wherein the states    may include discrete values of focal length, prism apex angle, focal    power, etc, wherein the discrete values of focal power form a linear    progression. Examples of combinations of optical devices to achieve    2^(N) states are described e.g., in U.S. Patent Application    Publication 20020158866 A1 published Oct. 31, 2002 to Robert G.    Batchko entitled “Combinatorial Optical Processor” and U.S. Patent    Application Publication 20040114203 A1 published June, 2004 to    Robert G. Batchko entitled “Digital Focus Lens System” the    disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.    One possible application for such a device is in a multiplanar    display system 4800, such as that depicted in FIG. 48. The    multiplanar display system 4800 generally includes a high speed    video projector 4801 having an output lens 4802 made up of a    plurality of fluidic lens elements. The fluidic lens elements focus    light from the projector 4801 on focal planes f₁, . . . f₈ at    discrete distances from the projector 4801 and aligned with    corresponding liquid crystal planes 4806 in a multi-planar optic    4808 a different topographical layer of a video image thereby    building a three-dimensional object 4804. Because the object 4804 is    imaged in layers, no glasses are needed to see true parallax around    the three-dimensional object 4804. A viewer 4810 can therefore see    topographically imaged three-dimensional objects in real-time    animations or 3D video feed. The system 4800 thus provides for very    high-speed focal plane modulation and resolution to any specific    focal plane without the problems associated with doing so    mechanically.-   8. Fluidic optical devices of the types described herein may be used    as part of an optical system such as a camera, zoom lens, lens    system, eyeglasses, binoculars, telescope, microscope, etc. In a    particular example, the device may include an image sensor, e.g., a    charge coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide    semiconductor (CMOS) chip optically coupled to the aperture. The    fluidic device, e.g., a fluidic lens, may be positioned to form an    image of an object on the image sensor. Actuation, e.g., as    described above, can allow variation of the focusing properties of    the lens to optimize the image. Such a device can be used, e.g., as    a cell phone camera. FIG. 22 depicts an example of a microlens    assembly 2200 that may be used in hand held devices such as cell    phones and handheld, wireless e-mail and communication devices such    as the BlackBerry™ manufactured by Research in Motion Limited (RIM).    The microlens assembly 2200 includes a lens housing and dust    enclosure 2202, a fluidic lens 2204 with electronic control of the    optical properties (e.g., focus, zoom, and the like) of the fluidic    lens. The fluidic lens 2204 is kept within the lens housing and dust    enclosure 2202. Corrective and/or preparatory static lenses 2208 or    other optical elements may be optically coupled to the fluidic lens    and mechanically attached to the housing. The housing attaches to a    chip base 2210, e.g., using screws 2212. The fluidic lens 2204 forms    an image 2205 of an object 2207 at an imaging device 2214, such as a    CCD or CMOS chip mounted to the chip base 2210. The chip base 2210    may also contain control electronics that exchange control signals    between a user interface and the fluidic lens and/or CCD/CMOS.

FIG. 23A depicts a cell phone 2300 having a camera employing a fluidiclens device of the type depicted in FIG. 22. The cell phone 2300 is,e.g., a flip-phone having a handset 2304 with a screen 2306 that can beflipped from a storage position to a viewing position. A rotatablepinhole camera 2302 using a fluidic lens can be incorporated into thehandset 2304 or screen 2306. A user interface 2308, such as a keypad cancontrol focus and zoom of the fluidic lens. The handset may include amemory area 2310 for storing images or messages sent from or received bythe cell phone 2300.

FIG. 23B depicts a mobile e-mail device 2320, similar to a BlackBerry™device commercially available from Research In Motion (RIM). The e-maildevice 2320 includes a flippable and interchangeable fluidic lens cameraassembly 2322 that allows for zoom and focus of a pin-hole style camerafor synchronization with short-range radio technology, such asBluetooth, aimed at simplifying communications among Internet devicesand between devices and the Internet. The device includes one or morekey pads 2324 and a main screen 2326 that displays information from thecamera and transmissions. The device 2320 screen may further include adisplay screen 2328 with optional touch pad capabilities. Devices of thetype depicted in FIG. 22 may also find use in video phones 5100 and webcameras 5110 as depicted in FIG. 51. The video phone 5100 and web camera5110 can use cameras 5101, 5111 having a fluidic lenses 5102, 5112. Thefluidic lens 5102 can be much smaller and/or may be implanted in ascreen 5104 of the video phone 5100. The fluidic lens 5112 allows awider angle and auto focus than is presently a possible withvideophones.

-   9. A fluidic optical system may include a number of fluidic optical    devices of the types described herein, wherein devices are stacked    as set forth in U.S. Patent Application Publications 20020158866 A1    and 20040114203 A1. The devices may be stacked generally collinear    to an optical axis. Examples of optical systems that include stacks    of fluidic devices includes combinations of fluid optical devices    and static optical components. By way of example, as depicted in    FIG. 34, an optical system 3300 may include fluidic lens elements    3302A, 3302B, 3302C and one or more static lens elements 3304A,    3304B mounted to a lens housing 3306. A photographic film, CCD or    CMOS sensor may be placed at a main focus of the system 3300.    Normally, static lenses must move closer or farther away from each    other to effect focus and/or telephoto or zoom capabilities. With    fluidic optical devices, these capabilities can be implemented    without having to translate the lenses with respect to each other.    Deformation of the lens membrane of a given fluidic element changes    its focal length, magnification or zoom. Such fluidic lens optical    systems may be used e.g., as microscopes, telescopes, camera lenses    (for providing features including variable optical zoom and    autofocus) and the like.

A fluidic lens optical system of the type depicted in FIG. 33 may beused as a professional still camera lens. For example, in FIG. 34 astill camera lens 3400 includes a fluidic lens focusing element 3402 anda fluidic lens zoom element (and/or an autofocus element) 3404 mountedwithin a housing 3406. A variable iris aperture 3408 between thefocusing element 3402 and zoom element 3404 controls the amount of lightthat reaches a focus plane where a film or charge coupled device may belocated. The lens 3400 may further include an optional static optic(e.g., a lens) 3410 and dust cover 3412 mounted to the housing 3406.

FIG. 35 depicts an example of microscope 3500 incorporating fluidicoptical devices. The microscope 3500 includes fluidic objective lenses3502A, 3502B, 3502C of any of the types described herein. The fluidicobjective lenses 3502A, 3502B, 3502C may respectively provide for wideview, mid-range and close-up optics. The objectives 3502A, 3502B, 3502Cmay be mounted to a microscope housing 3504 in a conventional selectivemount that allows the different objectives to be mechanically rotatedinto the microscope optical column. The housing may be mounted to a base3506. Another fluidic lens 3508 may focus light from a source 3510 ontoa slide 3512 mounted on an isolation table 3514 mounted to the base by asupport 3516.

Microscope applications of fluidic optical devices may also be used inan electron microscope 3600 as depicted in FIG. 36. The microscope 3600generally includes a fluidic electron beam lens 3602 coupled to anelectron source 3604. The fluidic electron beam lens 3602 focuseselectrons from the source 3604 onto a sample 3605 within an enclosure3606. The enclosure 3606 may be evacuated during operation. A door 3608allows access to the enclosure. Electrons scattered from the sample 3605are collected by one or more fluidic image gathering lenses 3610 andfocused onto an electron imaging device. Images of the sample may bedisplayed using a computer 3612.

Fluidic lenses of the types described herein can also be used in handheld magnification devices 5200, e.g., of a type commonly used incutting and polishing gemstones as depicted in FIG. 52. Themagnification device 5200 generally includes a fluidic lens assembly5202 that adjusts, e.g., with a manual ring 5204 that applies pressureto a fluidic reservoir as described above to control the magnificationrange or range of focus for gemstones. The device 5200 many optionalinclude a final static optic 5206 that turns for prescription adjustmentof the device for each user. The device 5200 may also include a rubbereye cushion 5208 and a clear plastic spacer cup 5210. The use of thefluidic lens assembly 5202 allows for replacement of multiple opticalrings for different magnification ranges as is done in conventionalmagnifiers.

Further applications of fluidic lenses include eyepieces 5300 foroptical instruments, e.g., as depicted in FIG. 53. The eyepiece 5300generally includes a fluidic lens 5302 disposed between a primary lens5304 and a secondary lens 5306. The eyepiece may optionally include arubber eye cushion 5308. The lenses 5302, 5304, 5306 are configured tofocus parallel incoming light 5312 from any device requiring an eyepiecefor viewing. The fluidic lens 5302 may adjust manually, e.g., by use ofa manual ring and/or electronically, e.g., by use of an electronicspackage that focuses by edge detection or focus ring. The fluidic lens5302 allows the eyepiece 5300 to be a relatively small and lightweightcomponent that can adjust through a full range of vision-correctivelenses and can be used on any optical instrument needing an eyepiece forviewing.

Embodiments of the invention include fluidic optical devices configuredas optical mirrors, e.g., by reflectively coating a deformable membraneoptical surface. Such deformable mirrors find application in opticalsystems such as astronomical telescopes. For example FIG. 37 depicts anoptical system 3700 having a main collector mirror 3702 (which may be aconventional static mirror) optically coupled to a mirror coated fluidiclens 3704. The fluidic mirror/lens 3704 focuses light from the mainmirror 3702 through a central hole and onto a film plane or CCD. Thevariable curvature of the fluidic mirror/lens allows modulation inreal-time to counteract for atmospheric distortion of images of distantobjects. Such modulation can be used to counteract the “twinkle” effector aberration created by the earth's atmosphere. FIG. 38 depicts anexample of an astronomical telescope 3800 that may incorporate theoptical system 3700. The telescope 3800 generally includes a fluidiccollector lens 3802 optically coupled and mechanically mounted to a maincollector mirror 3804. The main collector mirror may, in turn, bemounted to a tubular steel “cradle” 3806 that can be turned about x andy axes by motors 3808, 3810. Light collected by the main collectormirror 3804 and focused by the fluidic collector lens 3802 may betransmitted to an imaging device 3312, e.g., a CCD. A second fluidiccollector lens 3314 may focus the collected light onto the imagingdevice 3312. Either or both of the fluidic collector lenses 3802, 3814may be filled with a fluid that can be frequency-pass specific and/ormay counteract the “twinkle” effect due to refraction of light by theearth's atmosphere.

FIG. 39 depicts an example of a satellite imaging system 3900incorporating the optical system 3700. The system 3900 generallyincludes a fluidic mirror 3902 optically and mechanically coupled to amain collector mirror 3904. The fluidic mirror 3902 condenses lightcollected by the main collector mirror 3904 and may also counteract“twinkle” from atmospheric distortions. Light condensed by the fluidicmirror may then be transmitted to imaging or analytical instrumentswithin a main housing 3906. Electrical power for these instruments maybe provided by solar panels 3908. Such a system may be used for extremelong range photography, radar-ography and imaging of infrared lightfrequencies used in earth or stellar observations. Alternatively, thesystem 3900 may be incorporated into a Hubble type orbiting telescope3910.

Optical systems that may use fluidic devices of the types describedherein are not limited to those used for focusing visible, ultraviolet(UV), infrared (IR) and radar wavelengths. Such devices may also be usedfor significantly shorter wavelength radiation such as X-rays. FIG. 40depicts an X-ray optical system 4000 that uses a fluidic optical device4002, which may have the general construction of any of the typesdescribed above. The device 4002 is filled with a fluid that istransparent only to X-rays and may block all other radiation. An X-ray“bounce” telescope 4004 may be optically coupled to the device 4002. Thebounce telescope 4004 includes a series of nested concentricfrusta-conical shells that deflect X-rays striking their surfaces atextremely shallow angles. The device 4002 can focus X-rays gathered bythe telescope 4004 onto an imaging device 4006 such as a CCD camerachip.

Optical systems employing fluidic optical devices as described hereincan have the advantage of relatively low weight compact size. Suchfeatures make fluidic-device optical systems ideal for applicationswhere low weight and small size are highly desirable. Examples of suchapplications include, but are not limited to optical sensing systemsused in un-manned, robotic or remotely controlled vehicles, such asaircraft, sometimes referred to as UAVs. FIG. 41 depicts an example of aUAV 4100 employing fluidic lens optical systems 4102. The fluidic lensesenhance and expand the operation range of the sensor and feedbacksystems. Additional applications of fluidic optical devices includeso-called “heads-up” displays. FIG. 42 depicts an example of a heads-updisplay system 4200 having an optical system 4202 that employs fluidicoptical devices, e.g., lenses of the types described herein. The opticalsystem 4202 is mounted to a user's helmet 4204. The optical systemprojects a video image fed, e.g., from systems on an aircraft onto abeam splitter 4206. The beam splitter allows the user to view both hissurroundings and the projected video images from the optical system4202. Fluidic optical devices, such as lenses can reduce both the sizeand weight of the optical system 4202 compared to conventional videoprojectors based on static lenses.

Alternatively, fluidic lens optical systems may be employed in remotelyoperated vehicles other than aircraft as illustrated, e.g., in FIG. 49or robotic vehicles 4900. A fluidic lens 4902 allows a large focus rangeincrease for optical systems on the robotic vehicle 4900. This cangreatly enhance optical scanning while reducing size and weight. Suchadvantages are particularly useful for robotic vehicles such as “fireand forget” self guiding ordinance 5000 as depicted, e.g., in FIG. 50.The ordinance 5000 includes a camera assembly 5001 having a fluidic lens5002. The camera assembly is mounted within an optical enclosure 5004within a nose cone of the ordinance 5000. The fluidic lens 5002 iscoupled to an electronics control package 5006 integrated into thecamera assembly 5001. The electronics control package 5006 includes bothimaging and fluidic lens control components on a single circuit board.Images from the camera assembly 5001 can be processed to adjust controlsurfaces 5008 of the ordinance 5000 to optically guide the ordinance toa target. The optical guidance, which may be implemented in hardware,software or a combination of both, can use laser, object shape or othersystems that would normally require heavy static and expensivemechanical lenses. These lenses can be replaced with a fluidiclong-range optical system that allows for a view that ranges from milesto inches for ultimate optical targeting system accuracy.

Fluidic optical devices according to embodiments of the presentinvention also find application in stereolithography, also known asthree-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional modeling.Stereolithography is a method of creating real three-dimensional modelsby using lasers driven by CAD software. In contrast to the normalpractice of removing material, this process polymerizes a liquid toquickly produce shapes that are untouched by human hands or cuttingtools. As shown in FIGS. 43A-43B a stereolithography system 4300generally includes a laser 4302, optics 4304, a scanner 4306, and aretracting table 4308. Light from the laser 4302 polymerizes a photopolymer resin 4310 to form a three-dimensional object 4312 on theretracting table 4308. The scanner 4306 scans the laser light across theprecursor in an x-y direction while the retracting table 4308. Thesystem 4300 typically includes a computer 4305 that controls the scanner4306 and retracting table 4308 to reproduce a three-dimensional objectstored as an image in a CAD file 4307. The scanner typically scans thelaser light in an arc indicated by the dashed line. As a result, thelaser light has a different depth of focus for different locations inthe x-y plane. A fluidic lens 4314, e.g., between the scanner andretracting table can correct for this depth of focus and keep the laserfocus point at the surface of the photopolymer resin, effectively“pulling” the focus point towards the fluidic lens as the beam scans.

Additional embodiments utilize fluidic optical devices in conjunctionwith solar power systems. For example, as depicted in FIG. 44, a fluidiclens assembly 4402 may be used to focus light, e.g., light from the sun,onto a photovoltaic device 4404 such as a solar cell wafer.

Fluidic optical devices according to embodiments of the presentinvention may also be used in conjunction with vision aids such aseyeglasses and sunglasses. For example, FIG. 45 depicts a pair ofeyeglasses 4500 having fluidic lenses 4502A, 4502B. The fluidic lensescan deform based on prescription and distance to objects being viewed. Asonar emitter receiver 4505 can be used in order to determine distancesto objects as is commonly done with autofocus features found in videocameras. The fluidic lenses can replace bi-focal and tri-focal lensescurrently used in eyeglasses. The fluidic lenses 4502A, 4502B and sonaremitter/receiver 4504 may be controlled by an electronic control package4506 located, e.g., on the temples of the eyeglasses. A battery 4508,such as a hearing aid battery can provide power for the sonaremitter/receiver and control package.

Control of fluidic optical devices may be accomplished as depicted inthe flow diagram 4600 of FIG. 46. A fluidic lens unit 4602 receiveslight for imaging or image acquisition. The fluidic lens unit may be ofany of the types described herein and may be used in conjunction withany suitable application, e.g., as described herein. The image light istransmitted from the fluidic lens unit 4602 through an optical pathway(e.g., free-space or fiber optic) to an optional image transfer device4604, such as a lens array. The image transfer device 4602 focuses animage optical signal onto an image receiving device 4606, such as acamera or film type device. The image receiving device 4606 transmits animage signal (which may be either electronic or optical) to a displayunit 4608 such as a screen (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD)screen), eyepiece, plasma screen, cathode ray tube (CRT) and the like. Afluidic lens chipset 4610 controls focus and/or other optical propertiesof the fluidic lens unit 4602. Control may be initiated, e.g. with amanual type focusing interface 4612 (e.g., a focusing knob) controlledby a user or an automatic control signal interface 4614, e.g., generatedby a sonar type focusing element. Either or both of the control signalinterfaces 4612, 4614 may provide control signals to the chip set 4610.The chipset 4610 may also receive control signals from the imagetransfer device 4604. The signals may be coupled directly to the chipsetor indirectly. For example, an automatic control signal interface 4614in the form of a sonar focusing element may exchange sonar controlsignals with edge detection circuitry 4616 that receives an image feedfrom the image transfer device 4604. The edge detection circuitry findsan edge in the image feed and sends a control signal to the sonarfocusing element. The sonar focusing element then adjusts the controlsignal it sends to the chipset 4610 based on the control signal from theedge detection circuitry 4616.

Focus control as described with respect to FIG. 46 may be implemented asa subsystem of a more complex fluidic optical device control logic. Forexample, FIG. 47 depicts a flow diagram for control of a telephoto orzoom lens system 4700. A focus unit 4702 having one or more fluidic lensdevice assemblies as described herein receives image light that istransmitted to a camera unit 4704 or capture/storage deices, e.g., usingfilm or CCD. The image light may also pass through one or more optionalstandard static lens assemblies 4706. The focus unit 4702 operates underthe control of a focusing subsystem 4708 that operates as described withrespect to FIG. 46. The system 4700 may operate under the overallcontrol of a control unit 4710 that receives the image light as well assignals from a manual control 4712 and/or automatic control 4714. Theautomatic control may operate under the direction of signals receivedfrom a computer or digital signal control device 4716.

Fluidic optical devices, such as lenses, of the types described hereinmay also be used in projection televisions (e.g., front and/or rearprojection televisions), as illustrated in FIG. 56, and plasma displays,as illustrated in FIG. 57. FIG. 56 illustrates a projection television5600 having a standard three-gun projection unit 5601 having threefluidic lenses 5602 for focusing red, green and blue light images on arear projection screen 5604 via a main mirror 5606. The fluidic lenses5602 can change their aspect ratios without mechanical means. An aspectratio of the television 5600 may be set to an “automatic” mode that isself-sensing to the vide stream or can be set manually with a remotecontrol.

FIG. 57 depicts a plasma display 5700 having a plane array of fluidiclenses 5702. Each fluidic lens images a different pixel cell 5703 of aplasma pixel plane array 5704. Each fluidic lens 5702 may expand orcontract via electrical charge carried by horizontal and verticalcontrol wires 5706, 5708. The electrical control eliminates the need formechanical plungers in the fluidic lenses 5702. The array of fluidiclenses 5702 allows merger of red, green and blue components of eachpixel cell of a film or video image into a single focus point f₁ asopposed to seeing individual pixel cells, which can cause deformation ofthe video or film image. The use of the fluidic lenses 5702 allows fullcolor pixel combination that is very important for large video screensor walls where each pixel is large enough to see by the naked eye. Inaddition, the pixels 5703 focus point f₁ can be set for specificeyeglass prescriptions eliminating a viewers need to wear glasses whileviewing the plasma display 5700.

Other applications of fluidic optical devices include di-chromaticelements for wavelength-selective light splitting, e.g., as in thedi-chromatic optical system 5800 illustrated in FIG. 58. The system 5800generally includes a deformable membrane 5802, a plunger ring 5804 ashoulder ring 5806 and static optic base 5808. A fluid is enclosedbetween the membrane 5802 and static base 5806. These components may beconfigured in a manner similar to that depicted in FIG. 54. The membrane5802 includes a dichromatic coating 5810 that allows specificfrequencies through and reflects others. By way of example, the system5800 may use a red/green dichromatic coating 5810. Red frequencies passthrough the coating 5810 and focus at a point fi based on the fluidicsetting of the system 5800. Green frequencies are reflected and focusedat a point f₂ based on the fluidic setting of the system 5800. Thecoating 5810 may use dichromatic combinations other than red/green andthis embodiment is not limited to the splitting of red and green light.

Furthermore, as depicted in FIG. 59, surveying instruments such astheodolites may use fluidic lenses of the types described herein. FIG.59 depicts a theodolite 5900 having a fluidic lens 5902. The theodolite5900 may include an eyepiece 5904 that includes one or more fluidiclenses. The theodolite 5900 may be mounted to a common tripod base 5906for stability. The fluidic lens 5902 fluidically focuses light to view adiscrete point on an object 5908 such as a surveyor's height yard ormeasuring pole commonly used for sighting in surveying. The fluidic lens5902 may be augmented with a sonar ranging device to provide the perfectfocal distance to a surveyor for the main optic.

Fluidic lenses as described herein can also be used in combination withoptical network cables. For example, FIG. 60 depicts an optical fibernetwork 6000 that uses a fluidic optical fiber coupler 6002 used in afiber network. The coupler 6002 includes a fluidic optical device 6004axially aligned with the ends of first and second fiber optic Ethernetcables 6006A, 6006B. Beam splitters 6008A, 6008B direct part of thesignal from each fiber to corresponding sensors 6010A, 6010B. Controlcircuitry 6012 connected to the sensors and the fluidic lens providesautomatic adjustment of the beam point through control of the fluidicoptical device 6004 for maximum efficiency signal exchange betweencables 6006A, 6006B. Such a system allows two optical cables tocommunicate without fusing their ends together, in effect allowingdynamic optical coupling while reducing optical loss due to effects suchas poor mode matching.

Other applications of fluidic optical devices as described hereininclude radar systems, e.g., as depicted in FIG. 61. By modulating thedistance, a radar transceiver 6101 having a fluidic lens system 6102 can“sweep” longitudinally along the length of an aircraft 6103 to receiveenough signal to detect aircraft along the longest angular view. Byseeing angular waves 6104 in the longitudinally scanned operation of thefluidic lens 6102, changes of the angular radar deflection can be seen.

Fluidic lenses may be used in currency authentication systems 6200,e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 62. The currency authentication system 6200generally includes a source UV light source 6201, a fluidic lens 6202and a bill reader 6204 having optical electronics 6206. The fluidic lens6202 feeds ultraviolet radiation to the optical electronics and focusesthe UV light on a currency bill 6205 placed on the bill reader 6204 Theoptical electronics 6206 analyze authentication points on the bill 6205.The fluidic lens 6102 allows scanning from point to point on the bill6205 in a manner that does not currently exist.

In addition, fluidic lenses may be used video surveillance systems 6300,e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 63. The surveillance system 6300 generallyincludes a plurality of cameras 6302 mounted in a ceiling. Each cameraincludes a fluidic lens. The fluidic lens can be flush mounted to theceiling and still scan. The zoom field of the fluidic lenses areenhanced, as described herein, so large areas and near microscopicexamination are possible without large lenses. This allows retrofitstoad multiple cameras in the same area formerly taken up by a singlecamera.

Fluidic optical devices as described herein can also be used in anorthoscopic device 6400 as depicted in FIG. 64. The device 6400generally includes a main orthoscopic tube 6402 that is typically madeas slender as possible for incursion into a patient's body, e.g., viathe esophagus, trachea, rectum, or a surgical incision. The orthoscopictube 6402 includes fiber optics that provide light to a tip 6404 that isinserted into the patient's body. A fluidic optical device 6406, e.g., afluidic objective lens, is optically coupled to the orthoscopic tube.The lens 6406 can be a wide angle lens. An eyepiece 6408 may beoptically coupled to one end of the tube 6402. The eyepiece may beoptically coupled to a video feed so that images of features within thepatient's body can be viewed and recorded. The eyepiece may includefluidic lenses, e.g., having focus and zoom settings that can bemanually controlled or controlled by computer instructions fed in bywires, cables or other conduits next to the video feed wires. Fluidiclenses of the types described herein provide for a wide range ofmagnification and focal power that static lenses cannot deliver.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment ofthe present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives,modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the presentinvention should be determined not with reference to the abovedescription but should, instead, be determined with reference to theappended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents. In theclaims that follow, the indefinite article “A” or “An” refers to aquantity of one or more of the item following the article, except whereexpressly stated otherwise. The appended claims are not to beinterpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless such alimitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase“means for.” Any feature described herein, whether preferred or not, maybe combined with any other feature, whether preferred or not.

1. A fluidic optical device, comprising: a skeleton having an apertureand a reservoir in fluid communication with the aperture, wherein theaperture and reservoir are integral to the skeleton; a fluid enclosedwithin the aperture and reservoir; and one or more optical surfaces thatat least partially bound the aperture; wherein in response todisplacement of the fluid as a result of a distortion of the reservoirat least one of the optical surfaces is displaced from an initialposition to vary an optical property of the device, and wherein thereare sufficient restoring forces in at least a portion of the displacedreservoir, fluid and free aperture to restore the displaced opticalsurface to its initial position upon release of a distorting forceapplied to the reservoir.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The device of claim 1 whereinthe fluid absorbs infrared light.
 4. The device of claim 1 wherein atleast a portion of the one or more optical surfaces is transparent,reflective, opaque or diffractive.
 5. The device of claim 1 wherein atleast a portion of one or more of the optical surfaces is reflective toinfrared light.
 6. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more opticalsurfaces include a transparent compliant membrane disposed across theaperture such that at least a portion of the transparent fluid isenclosed between the skeleton and the membrane, wherein the membrane isconfigured to elastically deform in response to displacement of thefluid, wherein the elastic deformation of the membrane changes afocusing power of the device.
 7. The device of claim 6 wherein at leasta portion of the membrane is transparent, reflective, opaque ordiffractive.
 8. The device of claim 6 wherein the reservoir is in theshape of a ring or cylinder that surrounds the aperture.
 9. The deviceof claim 8, further comprising an actuator adapted to apply thedistorting force to and cause a distortion in at least a portion of thereservoir, wherein the actuator is adapted to apply a displacing forcearound an entire periphery of the reservoir.
 10. The device of claim 8wherein one or more channels provide fluid communication between thereservoir and the aperture. 11-13. (canceled)
 14. The device of claim 8wherein the actuator includes an externally threaded first lead screwthat engages an internally threaded second lead screw, wherein the firstlead screw is constrained from rotating, whereby rotation of the secondlead screw imparts a translational movement of the first lead screw. 15.The device of claim 14 wherein the internally threaded second lead screwincludes external worm gear threads.
 16. The device of claim 15, furthercomprising a worm gear nut having internal threads in threadedengagement with the external worm gear threads.
 17. The device of claim16, wherein the worm gear nut is made of a magnetic material.
 18. Thedevice of claim 17, further comprising one or more solenoids disposedproximate the worm gear nut, the one or more solenoids being configuredto apply a linear driving force to the worm gear nut.
 19. The device ofclaim 8 wherein the actuator includes an actuator cylinder and coaxialpiston, one or more guiding features that constrain the piston to moveonly axially with respect to the actuator cylinder, and means forvibrating the actuator cylinder, wherein there is an elastic preloadbetween surfaces of the actuator cylinder and piston where they are incontact, wherein vibration of the actuator cylinder is configured toproduce peripheral drag forces with an axial component that causesmovement of the piston relative to the actuator cylinder.
 20. The deviceof claim 19 wherein the actuator cylinder or piston includes projectionsthat lack mirror symmetry, wherein the actuator cylinder and pistonmechanically contact each other at the projections.
 21. The device ofclaim 20 wherein the piston is disposed inside the cylinder.
 22. Thedevice claim 21 wherein the piston includes threads that engage an innerwall of the cylinder.
 23. The device of claim 20 wherein the cylinder islocated inside the piston.
 24. The device of claim 23 wherein the meansfor vibrating the actuator cylinder include one or more piezoelectricelements disposed about a circumference of the actuator cylinder. 25.The device of claim 8 wherein the reservoir and or aperture are definedat least partly by a cylindrical outer rim disposed between a firstmembrane and a second membrane. 26-38. (canceled)
 39. The device ofclaim 6 wherein the membrane surrounds the skeleton encapsulating theskeleton and the fluid.
 40. The device of claim 39 wherein the membraneforms a closed surface.
 41. The device of claim 40 wherein the closedsurface is seamless.
 42. The device of claim 6 wherein the membrane,fluid and/or skeleton are configured such that the membrane can deformto a convex shape under a net positive pressure.
 43. The device of claim6 wherein the membrane, fluid and/or skeleton are configured such thatthe membrane can deform to a concave shape under a net negativepressure. 44-45. (canceled)
 46. The device of claim 6 wherein themembrane has a variable elasticity that varies across a surface of themembrane according to a predetermined pattern to control the deformationof the membrane.
 47. The device of claim 46 wherein portions of themembrane have been selectively doped to vary the elasticity of themembrane according to the predetermined pattern.
 48. The device of claim46 wherein certain portions of the membrane have a different crosslinkdensity than other portions according to the predetermined pattern. 49.The device of claim 46 wherein certain portions of the membrane arereinforced with a stiffer material formed over the membrane according tothe predetermined pattern.
 50. The device of claim 46 wherein certainportions of the membrane are reinforced with a stiffer materialincorporated into the membrane according to the predetermined pattern.51. The device of claim 46 wherein certain portions of the membrane arethicker than other portions according to the predetermined pattern. 52.The device of claim 46 wherein certain portions of the membrane areconstrained according to the predetermined pattern.
 53. The device ofclaim 52 wherein the certain portions are constrained by mechanicallyattaching them to selected portions of the lens skeleton.
 54. The deviceof claim 52, further comprising an overlay mask that constrains thecertain portions of the membrane.
 55. The device of claim 1 wherein theskeleton is index matched to the fluid.
 56. The device of claim 1wherein the reservoir is disposed at least partially inside theaperture.
 57. The device of claim 1 wherein the membrane is made of asilicone based polymer.
 58. The device of claim 57 wherein the siliconbased polymer is poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS).
 59. (canceled)
 60. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the skeleton includes a rigid transparentsubstrate that provides a first optical surface and a compliant membranethat provides a second optical surface, wherein the fluid is enclosedbetween the membrane and the substrate.
 61. The device of claim 60wherein at least a portion of the substrate is made of glass. 62.(canceled)
 63. The device of claim 62 wherein the reservoir portionincludes an annular reservoir that surrounds the aperture. 64.(canceled)
 65. The device of claim 64 wherein the skeleton includes aninner wall and an outer wall, with the reservoir being between the innerand outer walls and the aperture being bounded by the inner wall,wherein the outer wall is made of a compliant material.
 66. The deviceof claim 65, further comprising an actuator adapted to apply thedistorting force to and cause a distortion in at least a portion of thereservoir, wherein the actuator is adapted to apply said force to saidouter wall, said force having a component directed radially inward. 67.The device of claim 66 further comprising a membrane covering an openingof said aperture and said reservoir, wherein at least one of saidoptical surfaces is a portion of said membrane, wherein the actuator isfurther adapted to apply an additional force to said membrane proximatesaid reservoir, said force having a component directed axially towardsaid reservoir. 68-79. (canceled)
 71. The device of claim 1, furthercomprising an actuator adapted to apply the distorting force to andcause a distortion in at least a portion of the reservoir.
 72. Thedevice of claim 71, wherein the actuator has sufficient restoring forcesto return the optical surface to its initial position.
 73. The device ofclaim 71 wherein the actuator is a voice coil actuator, electromagneticactuator, electrostatic actuator, electrothermal actuator, piezoelectricactuator, shape memory alloy actuator, or bimetallic actuator, syntheticmuscle or mechanical iris, or helical spring actuator adapted to apply aforce to a fluid in the reservoir.
 74. The device of claim 71 whereinthe actuator includes a piston adapted to apply a force to the fluid inthe reservoir.
 75. The device of claim 71 wherein the actuator isadapted to apply a force in a direction perpendicular to a plane of theaperture. 76-87. (canceled)
 88. The device of claim 71 wherein theactuator includes a constricting member that substantially surrounds thereservoir, wherein the constricting member is configured to apply aconstricting force on the reservoir in a radial direction that inducesbulging of one or more of the optical surfaces.
 89. The device of claim71 wherein the actuator includes a plurality of actuators.
 90. Thedevice of claim 89 wherein the plurality of actuators are capable ofbeing actuated independently or in unison with one another.
 91. Thedevice of claim 71 wherein the actuators is capable of continuousactuation wherein optical performance of device (e.g., focal length,prism apex angle, etc) can be continuously controlled between a firststate and a second state.
 92. The device of claim 71 wherein theactuator is capable of discrete actuation wherein optical performance ofdevice (e.g., focal length, prism apex angle, etc) can be controlled ina number of discrete steps between a first state and a second state. 93.The device of claim 71 wherein the actuator includes N actuators,wherein the N actuators are capable of being independently actuated,wherein device is capable of being selectively activated in a number2^(N) states, wherein the states may include discrete values of focallength, prism apex angle, etc.
 94. The device of claim 1 wherein thedevice is part of a camera, lens system, eyeglasses, telescope, cellphone camera, mobile email device camera, web camera, video phone,microscope, magnifier, eyepiece, telephoto lens, zoom lens, auto focuslens, mirror, anamorphic aspect ratio lens, projector, projectiontelevision, plasma display, di-chromatic optical element, theodolite,fiber optic coupler, radar system, currency authentication device, orvideo surveillance system.
 95. The device of claim 94 wherein the deviceis fluidic lens used as an objective in a microscope.
 96. (canceled) 97.The device of claim 89 wherein the at least one optical surface isreflective such that the device is a deformable mirror.
 98. The deviceof claim 97 further comprising a main mirror configured to focus lighton the deformable mirror.
 99. The device of the claim 98 wherein thedevice is part of an astronomical telescope.
 100. The device of theclaim 97 wherein the device is part of a satellite imaging system. 101.The device of claim 1 wherein the device is a fluidic lens disposedbetween a scanner and retracting table of a stereo lithography system.102. The device of claim 1 wherein the device is a fluidic lens disposedproximate a solar cell.
 103. The device of claim 1, further comprisingan electronic control package electronically coupled to an actuator ofthe device and a sonar emitter/receiver electronically coupled to theelectronic control package.
 104. The device of claim 103 wherein thedevice is a fluidic lens in a pair of eyeglasses.
 105. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the skeleton includes an inner ring, an outer ring and amembrane disposed between the inner and outer rings, wherein the ringsand the membrane at least partially enclose a volume.
 106. The device ofclaim 105, further comprising an actuator adapted to apply a force toand cause a distortion in at least a portion of the reservoir.
 107. Thedevice of claim 106 wherein the actuator includes a ring-shaped pistonhaving a projection that is sized and shaped to engage at least aportion of the membrane.
 108. The device of claim 107 further comprisingan actuator ring that interlocks with the piston.
 109. The device ofclaim 107 wherein dimensions of the protrusion, ring shaped piston,outer ring and inner ring are chosen such that a strain across themembrane is generally balanced (or uniform) over a wide range ofactuation stroke (or thrust) by the piston. 110-111. (canceled)
 112. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the fluid is a fluorinated polymer.
 113. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the fluid is silicone oil.
 114. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the device is configured as a variable lens, variablediffractive optic, variable optical phase delay, or variable iris. 115.The device of claim 1, wherein the fluid and/or membrane are made ofcast poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS).
 116. The device of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more static optical components incorporated within thedevice.
 117. The device of claim 116 wherein the static opticalcomponent is a plano-convex cylindrical lens, a plano concave lens, aplano-convex lens, a plano-anamorphic wide-view lens, a bi-convex lens,doublet lens or fresnel lens.
 118. The device of claim 1 wherein one ormore of the skeleton, membrane, reservoir and aperture are symmetricwith respect to an axis parallel to a plane of the membrane, whereby thedevice is a fluidic cylindrical or anamorphic lens having variable focallength.
 119. The device of claim 1 wherein one or more of the skeleton,membrane, reservoir and aperture exhibit a wedge like shape symmetricwith respect to an axis parallel to a plane of the membrane, whereby thedevice is a fluidic prism having variable having a variable prism apexangle.
 120. The device of claim 1 further comprising an image sensoroptically coupled to the aperture.
 121. The device of claim 120 whereinthe aperture, skeleton, membrane and/or image sensor are configured suchthat the device can be used as part of a cell phone camera or part of acamera for a mobile e-mail device. 122-123. (canceled)
 124. The deviceof claim 1 wherein the fluidic optical device is part of a sensor systemmounted to an un-manned, robotic, or remotely operated vehicle oraircraft.
 125. The device of claim 1 wherein the fluidic optical deviceis part of an optical system of a heads-up display.
 126. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the fluidic optical device is part of an orthoscopicmedical device.
 127. The device of claim 1 further comprising aprojector, wherein the optical device is a lens coupled to theprojector, wherein the lens is configured to project a three-dimensionaltopographical image of an object by projecting images at focal planes atdiscrete distances from the projector.
 128. The device of claim 127wherein the device is capable of being selectively activated in a number2N states, wherein the states may include discrete values of focallength, prism apex angle, etc.
 129. The device of claim 1 wherein theone or more optical surfaces include a transparent compliant membranedisposed across the aperture such that at least a portion of thetransparent fluid is enclosed between the skeleton and the membrane,wherein the membrane is configured to elastically deform in response todisplacement of the fluid, wherein the elastic deformation of themembrane changes a focusing power of the device.
 130. The device ofclaim 129 wherein the skeleton includes a lens rim, wherein the skeletonincludes a plunger and a lens rim, wherein the membrane is disposedbetween the plunger and lens rim.
 131. The device of claim 130 whereinthe plunger includes a depressor ring that fits within an insidediameter of the lens rim.
 132. The device of claim 131 wherein theplunger includes a stop shelf that limits a displacement of the plunger.133. The device of claim 1 wherein the one or more optical surfacesinclude two transparent compliant membranes disposed across oppositeends of the aperture such that at least a portion of the transparentfluid is enclosed between the skeleton and the membrane, wherein themembranes are configured to elastically deform in response todisplacement of the fluid, wherein the elastic deformation of themembrane changes a focusing power of the device. 134-143. (canceled)144. An electrostatically actuated fluidic device, that is capable ofproviding a variable focal length lens, comprising: an elastic capacitorsection; an elastic lens section in fluid communication with thecapacitor section, the elastic lens section being characterized by afocal length; a fluid capable of fluid motion disposed at leastpartially in the capacitor and lens sections; wherein a voltage may beapplied to the capacitor section causing it to deform; wherein thedeformation of the capacitor section causes a portion of the fluid toflow into the lens section; wherein increase in volume of fluid in thelens section causes it to deform resulting in a variation in the focallength of the lens section.
 145. The device of claim 144, wherein thedevice is configured as a variable lens, variable diffractive optic,variable optical phase delay or variable iris.
 146. A fluidic opticaldevice, comprising: a transparent fluid; a transparent compliantmembrane that encapsulates the transparent fluid, the membrane havingone or more optical surfaces; and an actuator having a constrictingmember configured to apply a constricting force on the compliantmembrane in a way that causes bulging of one or more of the opticalsurfaces.
 147. The device of claim 146, wherein the device is configuredas a variable lens, variable diffractive optic, variable optical phasedelay or variable iris. 148-153. (canceled)
 154. The device of claim 148wherein the actuator includes a constricting member that is configuredto apply a constricting force on the membrane in an axial direction thatinduces bulging of one or more of the optical surfaces. 155-158.(canceled)
 159. The device of claim 146 wherein the actuator includesfirst and second peripheral electrodes located on opposite sides of thereservoir.
 160. The device of claim 146 wherein the actuator includes aring-shaped reservoir that surrounds the membrane and pump fluidlycoupled to the membrane and reservoir.
 161. The device of claim 146wherein the membrane and/or fluid are made of castpoly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS).
 162. The device of claim 146 wherein theactuator includes one or more microfluidic pumps.
 163. The device ofclaim 162 wherein the one or more microfluidic pumps include a pluralityof channels disposed between interdigitating electrodes.
 164. The deviceof claim 163 wherein the one or more microfluidic pumps are configuredfor independent actuation.
 165. The device of claim 162 wherein themicrofluidic pump is disposed on or near a perimeter of the transparentcompliant membrane.
 166. (canceled)
 167. A fluidic optical systemincluding a number of fluidic optical devices as set forth in claim 1wherein devices are stacked.
 168. The device of claim 167 wherein two ormore of the fluidic optical devices are stacked generally collinear toan optical axis.
 169. The system of claim 168 further comprising one ormore static optical elements.
 170. (canceled)
 171. The lens system ofclaim 169 wherein the optical system includes a fluid focusing lenselement and a fluid zoom lens element.
 172. The lens system of claim 169wherein the system is configured as part of a lens for a camera.
 173. Afluidic optical system including a number of fluidic optical deviceswherein devices are arrayed.
 174. The fluidic optical system of claim173, wherein the number of fluidic optical devices are arrayed generallyalong one or more axes generally orthogonal to an optical axis of one ormore of the devices.
 175. A fluidic optical system, comprising: afluidic lens unit of the type set forth in claim 1 adapted to receivelight for imaging; an image receiving device optically coupled to thefluidic lens unit; a chipset adapted to control focus and/or otheroptical properties of the fluidic lens unit.
 176. The system of claim175 further comprising a manual type focusing interface coupled to thechipset.
 177. The system of claim 175, further comprising an automaticfocusing interface coupled to the chipset.
 178. The system of claim 177wherein the automatic focusing interface is a sonar focusing element.179. (canceled)
 180. The system of claim 175, further comprising animage transfer device optically coupled between the fluidic lens unitand the image receiving device.
 181. The system of claim 175, furthercomprising a display unit coupled to the image receiving device.182-191. (canceled)
 192. A fluidic optical device, comprising: a spacerring, a first transparent membrane attached to a first face of thespacer ring; a second transparent membrane attached to a second faces ofthe spacer ring opposite the first face, whereby an interior volume isenclosed by the ring and the first and second membranes; and atransparent fluid that fills the interior volume.
 193. The device ofclaim 192 further comprising one or more actuator rings, each actuatorring having a projection configured to engage an exterior surface of thefirst or second membrane.
 194. The device of claim 193 furthercomprising an actuator adapted to urge the one or more actuator ringstoward the first or second membrane. 195-196. (canceled)